{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2140645652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/08997660152469305","title":"Orientation, Scale, and Discontinuity as Emergent Properties of Illusory Contour Shape","display_name":"Orientation, Scale, and Discontinuity as Emergent Properties of Illusory Contour Shape","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2140645652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/08997660152469305","mag":"2140645652","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11506666"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/08997660152469305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/08997660152469305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113893172","display_name":"Lance R. Williams","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169521973","display_name":"University of New Mexico","ror":"https://ror.org/05fs6jp91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lance R. Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109101838","display_name":"Karvel K. Thornber","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karvel K. Thornber","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08540, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08540, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113893172"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8239,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84612564,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"8","first_page":"1683","last_page":"1711"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12417","display_name":"Morphological variations and asymmetry","score":0.9660999774932861,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2608","display_name":"Geometry and Topology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.954200029373169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discontinuity","display_name":"Discontinuity (linguistics)","score":0.6379182934761047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","score":0.6236175298690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.6169587969779968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-invariance","display_name":"Scale invariance","score":0.6076006293296814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/illusory-contours","display_name":"Illusory contours","score":0.5919837951660156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.5496103763580322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.45836931467056274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4107814431190491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.40567177534103394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3971026837825775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.356862872838974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.29048532247543335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/illusion","display_name":"Illusion","score":0.2360534965991974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2276725172996521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1386358141899109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-illusion","display_name":"Optical illusion","score":0.1382429301738739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.06342557072639465}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281658","display_name":"Discontinuity (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6379182934761047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6236175298690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.6169587969779968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135593079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750766","display_name":"Scale invariance","level":2,"score":0.6076006293296814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779091665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2629943","display_name":"Illusory contours","level":4,"score":0.5919837951660156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5496103763580322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.45836931467056274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4107814431190491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.40567177534103394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3971026837825775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.356862872838974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29048532247543335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184047640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182593","display_name":"Illusion","level":2,"score":0.2360534965991974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2276725172996521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1386358141899109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139793654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174923","display_name":"Optical illusion","level":3,"score":0.1382429301738739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.06342557072639465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008390","descriptor_name":"Markov Chains","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008390","descriptor_name":"Markov Chains","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008390","descriptor_name":"Markov Chains","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009903","descriptor_name":"Optical Illusions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009903","descriptor_name":"Optical Illusions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009903","descriptor_name":"Optical Illusions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009949","descriptor_name":"Orientation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009949","descriptor_name":"Orientation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009949","descriptor_name":"Orientation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014793","descriptor_name":"Visual Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014793","descriptor_name":"Visual Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014793","descriptor_name":"Visual Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/08997660152469305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/08997660152469305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11506666","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11506666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.77.8503","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.77.8503","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.unm.edu/~williams/koffka10.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1558012644","https://openalex.org/W1867287134","https://openalex.org/W1925618726","https://openalex.org/W1975252397","https://openalex.org/W1979622972","https://openalex.org/W1991616577","https://openalex.org/W1992336406","https://openalex.org/W1993236244","https://openalex.org/W2008240154","https://openalex.org/W2046709352","https://openalex.org/W2065549130","https://openalex.org/W2107790757","https://openalex.org/W2116360511","https://openalex.org/W2128197592","https://openalex.org/W2153338534","https://openalex.org/W2164535018","https://openalex.org/W2170120409","https://openalex.org/W2170319235","https://openalex.org/W2482826687","https://openalex.org/W2610857016","https://openalex.org/W2796837256","https://openalex.org/W2798909945"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054076941","https://openalex.org/W2155218238","https://openalex.org/W2064740524","https://openalex.org/W1702821","https://openalex.org/W2098031594","https://openalex.org/W1484056900","https://openalex.org/W2127980043","https://openalex.org/W2097033632","https://openalex.org/W2021783512","https://openalex.org/W2021670453"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"recent":[1],"neural":[2],"model":[3,33],"of":[4,13,35,37,46,49,81],"illusory":[5,96],"contour":[6,97],"formation":[7],"is":[8],"based":[9],"on":[10],"a":[11,78,94],"distribution":[12,48,65,80],"natural":[14],"shapes":[15],"traced":[16],"by":[17,26],"particles":[18],"moving":[19],"with":[20],"constant":[21],"speed":[22],"in":[23],"directions":[24],"given":[25,84],"Brownian":[27],"motions.":[28],"The":[29],"input":[30],"to":[31,76,92],"that":[32],"consists":[34,45],"pairs":[36],"position":[38,85],"and":[39,42,63,88],"direction":[40],"constraints,":[41],"the":[43,47],"output":[44],"contours":[50,58,83],"joining":[51],"all":[52],"such":[53],"pairs.":[54],"In":[55,70],"general,":[56],"these":[57],"will":[59,66],"not":[60,67],"be":[61,68],"closed,":[62],"their":[64],"scale-invariant.":[69],"this":[71,90],"article,":[72],"we":[73],"show":[74],"how":[75],"compute":[77],"scale-invariant":[79],"closed":[82],"constraints":[86],"alone":[87],"use":[89],"result":[91],"explain":[93],"well-known":[95],"effect.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
