{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2037030438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/08997660152002852","title":"Rate Coding Versus Temporal Order Coding: What the Retinal Ganglion Cells Tell the Visual Cortex","display_name":"Rate Coding Versus Temporal Order Coding: What the Retinal Ganglion Cells Tell the Visual Cortex","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2037030438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/08997660152002852","mag":"2037030438","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11387046"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/08997660152002852","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/08997660152002852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111880387","display_name":"Rufin Van Rullen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145991","display_name":"Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition","ror":"https://ror.org/04fhrs205","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I134560555","https://openalex.org/I4210096427","https://openalex.org/I4210145991","https://openalex.org/I4412460029"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rufin Van Rullen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Rangueil, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Rangueil, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145991"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024494306","display_name":"Simon J. Thorpe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4997-3367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145991","display_name":"Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition","ror":"https://ror.org/04fhrs205","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I134560555","https://openalex.org/I4210096427","https://openalex.org/I4210145991","https://openalex.org/I4412460029"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon J. Thorpe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Rangueil, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Rangueil, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145991"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111880387"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145991"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6879,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":483,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97476167,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"1255","last_page":"1283"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12236","display_name":"Photoreceptor and optogenetics research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spike-train","display_name":"Spike train","score":0.7274767756462097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-coding","display_name":"Neural coding","score":0.6999162435531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spike","display_name":"Spike (software development)","score":0.6125072836875916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-cortex","display_name":"Visual cortex","score":0.6072613000869751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-transmission","display_name":"Information transmission","score":0.5677887201309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5253930687904358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-ganglion-cell","display_name":"Retinal ganglion cell","score":0.5089595317840576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.5073909163475037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.3760109543800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3653910160064697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retina","display_name":"Retina","score":0.36304640769958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3061894178390503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.29693669080734253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.2631368637084961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.17482921481132507}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909946758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194277","display_name":"Spike train","level":3,"score":0.7274767756462097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77637269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002051","display_name":"Neural coding","level":2,"score":0.6999162435531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781390188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25203449","display_name":"Spike (software development)","level":2,"score":0.6125072836875916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779345533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75785","display_name":"Visual cortex","level":2,"score":0.6072613000869751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983568541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Information transmission","level":2,"score":0.5677887201309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5253930687904358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777624874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q927337","display_name":"Retinal ganglion cell","level":3,"score":0.5089595317840576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.5073909163475037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.3760109543800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3653910160064697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169342","display_name":"Retina","level":2,"score":0.36304640769958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3061894178390503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29693669080734253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2631368637084961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.17482921481132507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012165","descriptor_name":"Retinal Ganglion Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012165","descriptor_name":"Retinal Ganglion Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012165","descriptor_name":"Retinal Ganglion Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014793","descriptor_name":"Visual Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014793","descriptor_name":"Visual Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014793","descriptor_name":"Visual Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014795","descriptor_name":"Visual Pathways","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014795","descriptor_name":"Visual Pathways","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014795","descriptor_name":"Visual Pathways","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014796","descriptor_name":"Visual Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014796","descriptor_name":"Visual Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014796","descriptor_name":"Visual Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016012","descriptor_name":"Poisson Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016012","descriptor_name":"Poisson Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016012","descriptor_name":"Poisson Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/08997660152002852","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/08997660152002852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11387046","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11387046","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.23.6427","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.23.6427","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.klab.caltech.edu/%7Erufin/VanRullenNeuralComput.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322892","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W12917823","https://openalex.org/W126497481","https://openalex.org/W167412706","https://openalex.org/W1013236036","https://openalex.org/W1571355129","https://openalex.org/W1583666889","https://openalex.org/W1587712743","https://openalex.org/W1694767778","https://openalex.org/W1762465686","https://openalex.org/W1810979160","https://openalex.org/W1843946745","https://openalex.org/W1901942680","https://openalex.org/W1902640321","https://openalex.org/W1964602001","https://openalex.org/W1965673217","https://openalex.org/W1967973114","https://openalex.org/W1968367673","https://openalex.org/W1968661899","https://openalex.org/W1969126724","https://openalex.org/W1980891612","https://openalex.org/W1980976879","https://openalex.org/W1983804661","https://openalex.org/W1997646126","https://openalex.org/W1999333255","https://openalex.org/W2001125862","https://openalex.org/W2001860569","https://openalex.org/W2005716154","https://openalex.org/W2007762955","https://openalex.org/W2009060015","https://openalex.org/W2010640765","https://openalex.org/W2019723923","https://openalex.org/W2022995207","https://openalex.org/W2026182963","https://openalex.org/W2029545261","https://openalex.org/W2036330324","https://openalex.org/W2041746311","https://openalex.org/W2042312351","https://openalex.org/W2043052802","https://openalex.org/W2043145669","https://openalex.org/W2046822701","https://openalex.org/W2047051831","https://openalex.org/W2050145015","https://openalex.org/W2052781774","https://openalex.org/W2060561757","https://openalex.org/W2062899906","https://openalex.org/W2063353294","https://openalex.org/W2070722046","https://openalex.org/W2072016696","https://openalex.org/W2078264053","https://openalex.org/W2079879669","https://openalex.org/W2085927826","https://openalex.org/W2089788692","https://openalex.org/W2091845343","https://openalex.org/W2096671349","https://openalex.org/W2097560155","https://openalex.org/W2097974875","https://openalex.org/W2098881438","https://openalex.org/W2102101781","https://openalex.org/W2112661761","https://openalex.org/W2119757675","https://openalex.org/W2125476399","https://openalex.org/W2126512354","https://openalex.org/W2132984323","https://openalex.org/W2136079526","https://openalex.org/W2138682541","https://openalex.org/W2138704896","https://openalex.org/W2139314678","https://openalex.org/W2142721080","https://openalex.org/W2143879519","https://openalex.org/W2144438497","https://openalex.org/W2154168931","https://openalex.org/W2155789201","https://openalex.org/W2165293155","https://openalex.org/W2180838288","https://openalex.org/W2418343484"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2383615955","https://openalex.org/W2056756835","https://openalex.org/W2062974934","https://openalex.org/W2187212244","https://openalex.org/W2775582103","https://openalex.org/W2329992713","https://openalex.org/W1558157446","https://openalex.org/W2173049006","https://openalex.org/W2014837149","https://openalex.org/W2114811586"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1],"often":[2],"supposed":[3],"that":[4,86,99],"the":[5,9,13,20,40,49,53,56,62,70,87,100,104,113],"messages":[6],"sent":[7],"to":[8,74,111,123],"visual":[10],"cortex":[11],"by":[12,19],"retinal":[14],"ganglion":[15,72],"cells":[16,73],"are":[17,78,90],"encoded":[18],"mean":[21,57],"firing":[22],"rates":[23],"observed":[24],"on":[25,48,55],"spike":[26,50,77,105],"trains":[27],"generated":[28],"with":[29,64],"a":[30,65,76,80],"Poisson":[31],"process.":[32],"Using":[33],"an":[34],"information":[35,96,114],"transmission":[36,97],"approach,":[37],"we":[38],"evaluate":[39],"performances":[41],"of":[42,103],"two":[43],"such":[44],"codes,":[45],"one":[46,126],"based":[47],"count":[51],"and":[52,60,98],"other":[54],"interspike":[58],"interval,":[59],"compare":[61],"results":[63,84],"rank":[66],"order":[67],"code,":[68],"where":[69,119],"first":[71],"emit":[75],"given":[79],"maximal":[81],"weight.":[82],"Our":[83],"show":[85],"rate":[88,116],"codes":[89],"far":[91],"from":[92],"optimal":[93],"for":[94],"fast":[95],"temporal":[101],"structure":[102],"train":[106],"can":[107],"be":[108],"efficiently":[109],"used":[110],"maximize":[112],"transfer":[115],"under":[117],"conditions":[118],"each":[120],"cell":[121],"needs":[122],"fire":[124],"only":[125],"spike.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":28}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
