{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2169165936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976601317098547","title":"Neurons with Two Sites of Synaptic Integration Learn Invariant Representations","display_name":"Neurons with Two Sites of Synaptic Integration Learn Invariant Representations","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2169165936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976601317098547","mag":"2169165936","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11705412"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/089976601317098547","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976601317098547","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072047827","display_name":"Konrad P. K\u00f6rding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8408-4499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konrad P. K\u00f6rding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Neuroinformatics, ETH/University Z\u00fcrich, 8057 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland. koerding@ini.phys.ethz.ch"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, ETH/University Z\u00fcrich, 8057 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland. koerding@ini.phys.ethz.ch","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024328042","display_name":"Peter K\u00f6nig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3654-5267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12708293","display_name":"SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics","ror":"https://ror.org/002n09z45","country_code":"CH","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12708293"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter K\u00f6nig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Neuroinformatics, ETH/University Z\u00fcrich, 8057 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, ETH/University Z\u00fcrich, 8057 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12708293"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024328042"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12708293"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.608,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67819604,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"12","first_page":"2823","last_page":"2849"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10423","display_name":"Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","score":0.6827526092529297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulus","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","score":0.6288811564445496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.5828412175178528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-cortex","display_name":"Visual cortex","score":0.48349860310554504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46083715558052063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4554332196712494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.45227935910224915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45006218552589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.32747653126716614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2616283893585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.1342587172985077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6827526092529297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6288811564445496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.5828412175178528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779345533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75785","display_name":"Visual cortex","level":2,"score":0.48349860310554504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46083715558052063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4554332196712494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.45227935910224915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45006218552589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32747653126716614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2616283893585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.1342587172985077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003712","descriptor_name":"Dendrites","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003712","descriptor_name":"Dendrites","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003712","descriptor_name":"Dendrites","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003712","descriptor_name":"Dendrites","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003712","descriptor_name":"Dendrites","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003712","descriptor_name":"Dendrites","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008322","descriptor_name":"Mammals","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008322","descriptor_name":"Mammals","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008322","descriptor_name":"Mammals","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013569","descriptor_name":"Synapses","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013569","descriptor_name":"Synapses","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013569","descriptor_name":"Synapses","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013702","descriptor_name":"Temporal Lobe","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013702","descriptor_name":"Temporal Lobe","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013702","descriptor_name":"Temporal Lobe","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014793","descriptor_name":"Visual Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000166","qualifier_name":"cytology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014793","descriptor_name":"Visual Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000166","qualifier_name":"cytology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014793","descriptor_name":"Visual Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000166","qualifier_name":"cytology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014793","descriptor_name":"Visual Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014793","descriptor_name":"Visual Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014793","descriptor_name":"Visual Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017966","descriptor_name":"Pyramidal Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017966","descriptor_name":"Pyramidal Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017966","descriptor_name":"Pyramidal Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017966","descriptor_name":"Pyramidal Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017966","descriptor_name":"Pyramidal Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017966","descriptor_name":"Pyramidal Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019579","descriptor_name":"Neocortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019579","descriptor_name":"Neocortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019579","descriptor_name":"Neocortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020013","descriptor_name":"Calcium Signaling","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020013","descriptor_name":"Calcium Signaling","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020013","descriptor_name":"Calcium Signaling","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/089976601317098547","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976601317098547","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11705412","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11705412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.23.9759","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.23.9759","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ini.unizh.ch/~koerding/kording.nc.01.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320868","display_name":"Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds","ror":"https://ror.org/00dkye506"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1532247067","https://openalex.org/W1546197084","https://openalex.org/W1554663460","https://openalex.org/W1566861944","https://openalex.org/W1716632673","https://openalex.org/W1886989851","https://openalex.org/W1936316516","https://openalex.org/W1943381760","https://openalex.org/W1967086564","https://openalex.org/W1968059634","https://openalex.org/W1969416477","https://openalex.org/W1975700187","https://openalex.org/W1976697257","https://openalex.org/W1978779796","https://openalex.org/W1986246844","https://openalex.org/W1988923854","https://openalex.org/W1989200976","https://openalex.org/W1991481439","https://openalex.org/W1994234278","https://openalex.org/W1997023985","https://openalex.org/W2002134846","https://openalex.org/W2005156903","https://openalex.org/W2009236066","https://openalex.org/W2011370294","https://openalex.org/W2017569276","https://openalex.org/W2021234908","https://openalex.org/W2028055236","https://openalex.org/W2033626970","https://openalex.org/W2057613746","https://openalex.org/W2061405268","https://openalex.org/W2063027609","https://openalex.org/W2063971957","https://openalex.org/W2065416066","https://openalex.org/W2068470708","https://openalex.org/W2082660315","https://openalex.org/W2085989895","https://openalex.org/W2096388912","https://openalex.org/W2097099483","https://openalex.org/W2098580305","https://openalex.org/W2101882394","https://openalex.org/W2101926813","https://openalex.org/W2106235427","https://openalex.org/W2106437191","https://openalex.org/W2106614406","https://openalex.org/W2115806697","https://openalex.org/W2115990514","https://openalex.org/W2116360511","https://openalex.org/W2119999650","https://openalex.org/W2123976089","https://openalex.org/W2124486835","https://openalex.org/W2126089218","https://openalex.org/W2126283076","https://openalex.org/W2127716180","https://openalex.org/W2131416538","https://openalex.org/W2133406691","https://openalex.org/W2145798752","https://openalex.org/W2146368230","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2149194912","https://openalex.org/W2151552653","https://openalex.org/W2152996925","https://openalex.org/W2154039946","https://openalex.org/W2167531750","https://openalex.org/W2185212694","https://openalex.org/W2414649194","https://openalex.org/W3022436500","https://openalex.org/W4230610536","https://openalex.org/W4232801517"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3123471250","https://openalex.org/W2397073786","https://openalex.org/W2635674045","https://openalex.org/W1969880373","https://openalex.org/W2085230654","https://openalex.org/W3183560647","https://openalex.org/W2802211937","https://openalex.org/W3159695727","https://openalex.org/W2169034257","https://openalex.org/W2339908438"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neurons":[0],"in":[1,23,85,148],"mammalian":[2],"cerebral":[3],"cortex":[4],"combine":[5],"specific":[6],"responses":[7,16,57],"with":[8,14,106],"respect":[9],"to":[10,17,39,67,77,118,130,159],"some":[11],"stimulus":[12,19],"features":[13],"invariant":[15],"other":[18],"features.":[20],"For":[21],"example,":[22],"primary":[24],"visual":[25],"cortex,":[26,50],"complex":[27],"cells":[28],"code":[29],"for":[30],"orientation":[31],"of":[32,64,109,116,139,161,164],"a":[33,40,103,156],"contour":[34],"but":[35],"ignore":[36],"its":[37],"position":[38],"certain":[41],"degree.":[42],"In":[43],"higher":[44],"areas,":[45],"such":[46,81],"as":[47],"the":[48,127,149],"inferotemporal":[49],"translation-invariant,":[51],"rotation-invariant,":[52],"and":[53,120],"even":[54],"view":[55],"point-invariant":[56],"can":[58,144],"be":[59,78,145],"observed.":[60],"Such":[61],"properties":[62,83,133],"are":[63],"obvious":[65],"interest":[66],"artificial":[68],"systems":[69],"performing":[70],"tasks":[71],"like":[72],"pattern":[73],"recognition.":[74],"It":[75,99],"remains":[76],"resolved":[79],"how":[80],"response":[82],"develop":[84],"biological":[86],"systems.":[87],"Here":[88],"we":[89],"present":[90],"an":[91],"unsupervised":[92,162],"learning":[93,163],"rule":[94],"that":[95],"addresses":[96],"this":[97,153],"problem.":[98],"is":[100],"based":[101],"on":[102],"neuron":[104],"model":[105,154],"two":[107],"sites":[108],"synaptic":[110],"integration,":[111],"allowing":[112],"qualitatively":[113],"different":[114],"effects":[115],"input":[117],"basal":[119],"apical":[121],"dendritic":[122],"trees,":[123],"respectively.":[124],"Without":[125],"supervision,":[126],"system":[128],"learns":[129],"extract":[131],"invariance":[132],"using":[134],"temporal":[135],"or":[136],"spatial":[137],"continuity":[138],"stimuli.":[140],"Furthermore,":[141],"top-down":[142],"information":[143],"smoothly":[146],"integrated":[147],"same":[150],"framework.":[151],"Thus,":[152],"lends":[155],"physiological":[157],"implementation":[158],"approaches":[160],"invariant-response":[165],"properties.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}