{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2125200267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976601300014376","title":"Temporal Difference Model Reproduces Anticipatory Neural Activity","display_name":"Temporal Difference Model Reproduces Anticipatory Neural Activity","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2125200267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976601300014376","mag":"2125200267","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11255572"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/089976601300014376","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976601300014376","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056374578","display_name":"Roland E. Suri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9472-4533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154338468","display_name":"University of Fribourg","ror":"https://ror.org/022fs9h90","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154338468"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roland E. Suri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Physiologie, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland","Institut de Physiologie, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Physiologie, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154338468"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Physiologie, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154338468"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066653099","display_name":"Wolfram Schultz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8530-4518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154338468","display_name":"University of Fribourg","ror":"https://ror.org/022fs9h90","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154338468"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolfram Schultz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Physiologie, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland","Institut de Physiologie, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Physiologie, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154338468"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Physiologie, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154338468"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056374578"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154338468"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.6237,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":168,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96516744,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"841","last_page":"862"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10448","display_name":"Memory and Neural Mechanisms","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48661670088768005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-activity","display_name":"Neural activity","score":0.4427988529205322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.415793240070343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.38946378231048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3876219689846039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.38573819398880005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48661670088768005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984127161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q969316","display_name":"Neural activity","level":2,"score":0.4427988529205322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.415793240070343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.38946378231048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3876219689846039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.38573819398880005}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000882","descriptor_name":"Haplorhini","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000882","descriptor_name":"Haplorhini","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000882","descriptor_name":"Haplorhini","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003216","descriptor_name":"Conditioning, Operant","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003216","descriptor_name":"Conditioning, Operant","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003216","descriptor_name":"Conditioning, Operant","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004298","descriptor_name":"Dopamine","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004298","descriptor_name":"Dopamine","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004298","descriptor_name":"Dopamine","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/089976601300014376","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976601300014376","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11255572","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11255572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.24.9592","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.24.9592","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cnl.salk.edu/~suri/pr.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306183","display_name":"James S. McDonnell Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03dy4aq19"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W27612933","https://openalex.org/W118809153","https://openalex.org/W125252782","https://openalex.org/W160989634","https://openalex.org/W1014586844","https://openalex.org/W1508060730","https://openalex.org/W1515851193","https://openalex.org/W1540136915","https://openalex.org/W1562703792","https://openalex.org/W1573319238","https://openalex.org/W1579888686","https://openalex.org/W1607052939","https://openalex.org/W1642699591","https://openalex.org/W1652173018","https://openalex.org/W1771503649","https://openalex.org/W1810663112","https://openalex.org/W1897438103","https://openalex.org/W1924016629","https://openalex.org/W1966711088","https://openalex.org/W1969271919","https://openalex.org/W1972956328","https://openalex.org/W1974164763","https://openalex.org/W1979908112","https://openalex.org/W1980046851","https://openalex.org/W1984920845","https://openalex.org/W2008474876","https://openalex.org/W2011309507","https://openalex.org/W2019660529","https://openalex.org/W2024788488","https://openalex.org/W2025205736","https://openalex.org/W2025931876","https://openalex.org/W2027857138","https://openalex.org/W2032677875","https://openalex.org/W2038156236","https://openalex.org/W2040725087","https://openalex.org/W2043615441","https://openalex.org/W2049550419","https://openalex.org/W2055048185","https://openalex.org/W2056354534","https://openalex.org/W2073782853","https://openalex.org/W2074854285","https://openalex.org/W2076660877","https://openalex.org/W2088222816","https://openalex.org/W2106814169","https://openalex.org/W2107814978","https://openalex.org/W2109059823","https://openalex.org/W2109152498","https://openalex.org/W2111746164","https://openalex.org/W2117726420","https://openalex.org/W2119885245","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2122942667","https://openalex.org/W2128211763","https://openalex.org/W2147122909","https://openalex.org/W2151742051","https://openalex.org/W2153562927","https://openalex.org/W2156912650","https://openalex.org/W2261584825","https://openalex.org/W2269963436","https://openalex.org/W2290219147","https://openalex.org/W2314288977","https://openalex.org/W2317722949","https://openalex.org/W2471670251","https://openalex.org/W2883628765","https://openalex.org/W3042238791","https://openalex.org/W4244896630","https://openalex.org/W4375250415"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2931662336","https://openalex.org/W2077865380","https://openalex.org/W2053487507","https://openalex.org/W2765597752","https://openalex.org/W2134894512","https://openalex.org/W2083375246","https://openalex.org/W2067108088","https://openalex.org/W2085372204","https://openalex.org/W4391301621"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Anticipatory":[0],"neural":[1,84],"activity":[2,27,45],"preceding":[3],"behaviorally":[4],"important":[5,39],"events":[6],"has":[7],"been":[8],"reported":[9],"in":[10,100],"cortex,":[11],"striatum,":[12],"and":[13,30,81],"midbrain":[14],"dopamine":[15,18,43,104],"neurons.":[16],"Whereas":[17],"neurons":[19,32],"are":[20,98],"phasically":[21],"activated":[22],"by":[23],"reward-predictive":[24],"stimuli,":[25],"anticipatory":[26,83,91],"of":[28,42,48,53,59,73,79,103],"cortical":[29,80],"striatal":[31,82],"is":[33],"increased":[34],"during":[35],"delay":[36],"periods":[37],"before":[38],"events.":[40],"Characteristics":[41],"neuron":[44,105],"resemble":[46],"those":[47],"the":[49,54,70,74,101],"prediction":[50,71,95],"error":[51],"signal":[52,72],"temporal":[55],"difference":[56],"(TD)":[57],"model":[58,76],"Pavlovian":[60],"learning":[61],"(Sutton":[62],"&":[63],"Barto,":[64],"1990).":[65],"This":[66,86],"study":[67],"demonstrates":[68],"that":[69,89,97],"TD":[75],"reproduces":[77],"characteristics":[78],"activity.":[85,106],"finding":[87],"suggests":[88],"tonic":[90],"activities":[92],"may":[93],"reflect":[94],"signals":[96],"involved":[99],"processing":[102]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}