{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2025606474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/0891201054223995","title":"A Mathematical Model of Historical Semantics and the Grouping of Word Meanings into Concepts","display_name":"A Mathematical Model of Historical Semantics and the Grouping of Word Meanings into Concepts","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2025606474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/0891201054223995","mag":"2025606474"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/0891201054223995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/0891201054223995","pdf_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/0891201054223995","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/0891201054223995","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004558530","display_name":"Martin Cooper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4853-053X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134560555","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier","ror":"https://ror.org/02v6kpv12","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134560555","https://openalex.org/I4405258862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17866349","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Toulouse Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es","ror":"https://ror.org/004raaa70","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17866349"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin C. Cooper","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toulouse III"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toulouse III","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17866349","https://openalex.org/I134560555"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004558530"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134560555","https://openalex.org/I17866349"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.8459,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98029887,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"2","first_page":"227","last_page":"248"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12353","display_name":"Lexicography and Language Studies","score":0.9715999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12353","display_name":"Lexicography and Language Studies","score":0.9715999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9509000182151794,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.9381999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polysemy","display_name":"Polysemy","score":0.9485555291175842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaphor","display_name":"Metaphor","score":0.7040194272994995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.676964282989502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.676781177520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.6711176633834839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metonymy","display_name":"Metonymy","score":0.6418534517288208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.5831229090690613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5817031860351562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5518848299980164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5412179827690125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-model","display_name":"Statistical model","score":0.4696243107318878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaphor-and-metonymy","display_name":"Metaphor and metonymy","score":0.4559403955936432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-length","display_name":"Word length","score":0.4237053096294403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributional-semantics","display_name":"Distributional semantics","score":0.4136228561401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.07480749487876892}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780276568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191928","display_name":"Polysemy","level":2,"score":0.9485555291175842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778311575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18534","display_name":"Metaphor","level":2,"score":0.7040194272994995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.676964282989502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.676781177520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6711176633834839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29185921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41966","display_name":"Metonymy","level":3,"score":0.6418534517288208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5831229090690613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5817031860351562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5518848299980164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5412179827690125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.4696243107318878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781338808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6823116","display_name":"Metaphor and metonymy","level":4,"score":0.4559403955936432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019641298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625642","display_name":"Word length","level":2,"score":0.4237053096294403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778828372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283209","display_name":"Distributional semantics","level":3,"score":0.4136228561401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.07480749487876892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/0891201054223995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/0891201054223995","pdf_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/0891201054223995","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.396.4140","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.396.4140","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://wing.comp.nus.edu.sg/~antho/J/J05/J05-2004.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9aa333f703b1402b98c028a74ba38eac","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9aa333f703b1402b98c028a74ba38eac","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics, Vol 31, Iss 2 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/0891201054223995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/0891201054223995","pdf_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/0891201054223995","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.75}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2025606474.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2025606474.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56728071","https://openalex.org/W196361286","https://openalex.org/W564218462","https://openalex.org/W565978294","https://openalex.org/W594069839","https://openalex.org/W746992304","https://openalex.org/W1481930023","https://openalex.org/W1486212465","https://openalex.org/W1516437194","https://openalex.org/W1532659146","https://openalex.org/W1559677004","https://openalex.org/W1564123242","https://openalex.org/W1567155363","https://openalex.org/W1567806770","https://openalex.org/W1608407210","https://openalex.org/W1671891419","https://openalex.org/W1973826788","https://openalex.org/W2022292466","https://openalex.org/W2033200726","https://openalex.org/W2038721957","https://openalex.org/W2044589019","https://openalex.org/W2048760593","https://openalex.org/W2073427615","https://openalex.org/W2080450835","https://openalex.org/W2081665722","https://openalex.org/W2110529160","https://openalex.org/W2126623729","https://openalex.org/W2144242878","https://openalex.org/W2148606196","https://openalex.org/W2268336023","https://openalex.org/W2321470647","https://openalex.org/W2484100133","https://openalex.org/W2489935702","https://openalex.org/W2561380899","https://openalex.org/W2964878415","https://openalex.org/W3135291502","https://openalex.org/W4246909628","https://openalex.org/W4247827174"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W399265555","https://openalex.org/W2350348674","https://openalex.org/W3114893299","https://openalex.org/W3013021965","https://openalex.org/W2367001920","https://openalex.org/W2384126592","https://openalex.org/W2059304064","https://openalex.org/W2367834951","https://openalex.org/W2347541391","https://openalex.org/W4386754439"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,27],"statistical":[1],"analysis":[2],"of":[3,19,30,46,51,67,74],"polysemy":[4],"in":[5,14],"sixteen":[6],"English":[7],"and":[8],"French":[9],"dictionaries":[10],"has":[11,23],"revealed":[12],"that,":[13],"each":[15],"dictionary,":[16],"the":[17,48,64,86],"number":[18,50,66],"senses":[20,68,76,89],"per":[21,54,70],"word":[22,75],"a":[24,44],"near-exponential":[25],"distribution.":[26,38],"probabilistic":[28],"model":[29,41],"historical":[31],"semantics":[32],"is":[33,79],"presented":[34],"which":[35,56],"explains":[36],"this":[37],"This":[39],"mathematical":[40],"also":[42],"provides":[43],"means":[45],"estimating":[47],"average":[49,65],"distinct":[52],"concepts":[53,78],"word,":[55],"was":[57],"found":[58],"to":[59],"be":[60],"considerably":[61],"less":[62],"than":[63,100],"listed":[69],"word.":[71],"The":[72],"grouping":[73],"into":[77],"based":[80],"on":[81],"whether":[82],"they":[83],"could":[84],"inspire":[85],"same":[87],"new":[88],"(by":[90],"metaphor,":[91],"metonymy,":[92],"etc.),":[93],"that":[94],"is,":[95],"their":[96,101],"potential":[97],"future":[98],"rather":[99],"history.":[102]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}