{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2132248251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089120104323093285","title":"Statistical Machine Translation with Scarce Resources Using Morpho-syntactic Information","display_name":"Statistical Machine Translation with Scarce Resources Using Morpho-syntactic Information","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2132248251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089120104323093285","mag":"2132248251"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/089120104323093285","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089120104323093285","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/30/2/181/1798048/089120104323093285.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/30/2/181/1798048/089120104323093285.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062381127","display_name":"Sonja Nie\u00dfen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156583","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris-Nord","ror":"https://ror.org/05g1zjw44","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210091279","https://openalex.org/I4210156583","https://openalex.org/I4210159245"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE","FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sonja Nie\u00dfen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Informatik VI, Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen\u2014University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Informatik VI, Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen\u2014University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156583","https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112501010","display_name":"Hermann Ney","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hermann Ney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Informatik VI, Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen\u2014University of Technology, D-52056 Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Informatik VI, Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen\u2014University of Technology, D-52056 Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.1903,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":163,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9949399,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"2","first_page":"181","last_page":"204"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9204999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.878811240196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.8343838453292847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7630709409713745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6678361892700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.5567502975463867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/example-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","score":0.5514291524887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5471727252006531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalence","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","score":0.532720685005188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lemma","display_name":"Lemma (botany)","score":0.5179513692855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexicon","display_name":"Lexicon","score":0.46746826171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morpheme","display_name":"Morpheme","score":0.459943026304245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4470062255859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.4377751350402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interdependence","display_name":"Interdependence","score":0.43049219250679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-and-formal-equivalence","display_name":"Dynamic and formal equivalence","score":0.4150789976119995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation-software-usability","display_name":"Machine translation software usability","score":0.4146592617034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.22142165899276733}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.878811240196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.8343838453292847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7630709409713745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6678361892700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.5567502975463867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24687705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3753284","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","level":3,"score":0.5514291524887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5471727252006531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.532720685005188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777759810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149316","display_name":"Lemma (botany)","level":3,"score":0.5179513692855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096","display_name":"Lexicon","level":2,"score":0.46746826171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165297611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43249","display_name":"Morpheme","level":2,"score":0.459943026304245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4470062255859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.4377751350402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185874996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269699","display_name":"Interdependence","level":2,"score":0.43049219250679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98199350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q978442","display_name":"Dynamic and formal equivalence","level":3,"score":0.4150789976119995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148526163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6723733","display_name":"Machine translation software usability","level":4,"score":0.4146592617034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.22142165899276733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46757340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43238","display_name":"Poaceae","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/089120104323093285","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089120104323093285","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/30/2/181/1798048/089120104323093285.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.330.2108","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.330.2108","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.mt-archive.info/CL-2004-Niessen.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.331.644","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.331.644","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://wing.comp.nus.edu.sg/~antho/J/J04/J04-2003.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.331.8401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.331.8401","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~gawron/mt_plus/readings/word/scarce_morphosyntax_smt_cl04.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1aed6861827b44a6b280e2d065c1fcbe","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1aed6861827b44a6b280e2d065c1fcbe","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics, Vol 30, Iss 2 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:155215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/155215","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401033","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational linguistics 30(2), 181-204 (2004). doi:10.1162/089120104323093285","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/089120104323093285","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089120104323093285","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/30/2/181/1798048/089120104323093285.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2132248251.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2132248251.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W53944291","https://openalex.org/W55052068","https://openalex.org/W64777181","https://openalex.org/W294504433","https://openalex.org/W1483059521","https://openalex.org/W1517947178","https://openalex.org/W1550597138","https://openalex.org/W1555531993","https://openalex.org/W1607156211","https://openalex.org/W1981129952","https://openalex.org/W2001792610","https://openalex.org/W2006969979","https://openalex.org/W2007709031","https://openalex.org/W2015350341","https://openalex.org/W2030750105","https://openalex.org/W2046592963","https://openalex.org/W2048390999","https://openalex.org/W2065174184","https://openalex.org/W2097333193","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2107551411","https://openalex.org/W2126623367","https://openalex.org/W2139403546","https://openalex.org/W2140830074","https://openalex.org/W2169424935","https://openalex.org/W2911427979","https://openalex.org/W2952123276","https://openalex.org/W3088420009","https://openalex.org/W4205167092","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2915828828","https://openalex.org/W2360212709","https://openalex.org/W193726211","https://openalex.org/W2377856297","https://openalex.org/W2937574835","https://openalex.org/W3155519294","https://openalex.org/W2771096531","https://openalex.org/W1983326568","https://openalex.org/W2507994462","https://openalex.org/W2132248251"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,34,94],"statistical":[1,37],"machine":[2,40,129],"translation,":[3],"correspondences":[4],"between":[5],"the":[6,9,12,31,48,72,80,87,104,116,134,155,166,179,190,194],"words":[7],"in":[8,109,141,173],"source":[10],"and":[11,20,193],"target":[13],"language":[14],"are":[15],"learned":[16],"from":[17,189],"parallel":[18],"corpora,":[19],"often":[21,42],"little":[22],"or":[23],"no":[24],"linguistic":[25],"knowledge":[26],"is":[27,182],"used":[28],"to":[29,123,153,161],"structure":[30],"underlying":[32],"models.":[33],"particular,":[35],"existing":[36],"systems":[38],"for":[39,137],"translation":[41,139,174,180],"treat":[43],"different":[44],"inflected":[45,76],"forms":[46],"of":[47,56,74,82,89,92,106,118,128,133,157,165,178],"same":[49],"lemma":[50],"as":[51],"if":[52],"they":[53],"were":[54,151],"independent":[55],"one":[57],"another.":[58],"The":[59,131,176],"bilingual":[60,119,158],"training":[61,120,159],"data":[62,121,160],"can":[63],"be":[64],"better":[65],"exploited":[66],"by":[67],"explicitly":[68],"taking":[69],"into":[70],"account":[71],"interdependencies":[73],"related":[75,110],"forms.":[77],"We":[78,112,150],"propose":[79],"construction":[81],"hierarchical":[83],"lexicon":[84],"models":[85],"on":[86,184],"basis":[88],"equivalence":[90],"classes":[91],"words.":[93],"addition,":[95],"we":[96],"introduce":[97],"sentence-level":[98],"restructuring":[99],"transformations":[100],"which":[101],"aim":[102],"at":[103],"assimilation":[105],"word":[107],"order":[108],"sentences.":[111],"have":[113],"systematically":[114],"investigated":[115],"amount":[117,156],"required":[122],"maintain":[124],"an":[125],"acceptable":[126],"quality":[127,140],"translation.":[130],"combination":[132],"suggested":[135],"methods":[136],"improving":[138],"frameworks":[142],"with":[143],"scarce":[144],"resources":[145],"has":[146],"been":[147],"successfully":[148],"tested:":[149],"able":[152],"reduce":[154],"less":[162],"than":[163],"10%":[164],"original":[167],"corpus,":[168],"while":[169],"losing":[170],"only":[171],"1.6%":[172],"quality.":[175],"improvement":[177],"results":[181],"demonstrated":[183],"two":[185],"German-English":[186],"corpora":[187],"taken":[188],"Verbmobil":[191],"task":[192],"Nespole!":[195],"task.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-08-08T01:25:22.217667","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}