{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2119168550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/0891201042544884","title":"The Alignment Template Approach to Statistical Machine Translation","display_name":"The Alignment Template Approach to Statistical Machine Translation","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2119168550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/0891201042544884","mag":"2119168550"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/0891201042544884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/0891201042544884","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/30/4/417/1798101/0891201042544884.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/30/4/417/1798101/0891201042544884.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046457818","display_name":"Franz Josef Och","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franz Josef Och","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043","Google, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043. E-mail: "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043. E-mail: ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112501010","display_name":"Hermann Ney","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hermann Ney","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen, Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Informatik VI, Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen-University of Technology, Ahornstr. 55, 52056 Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen, Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Informatik VI, Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen-University of Technology, Ahornstr. 55, 52056 Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":80.4776,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":933,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99967952,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"4","first_page":"417","last_page":"449"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9787999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8883539438247681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.8715877532958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.8500850200653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evaluation-of-machine-translation","display_name":"Evaluation of machine translation","score":0.7349537014961243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7099547386169434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/example-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","score":0.675819993019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6508606672286987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phrase","display_name":"Phrase","score":0.6334682703018188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation-software-usability","display_name":"Machine translation software usability","score":0.6165300607681274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.559867262840271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Transfer-based machine translation","score":0.5361253023147583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.5177440047264099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4941423237323761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4724567234516144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4643697142601013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.45983049273490906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.44080281257629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.12496107816696167}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8883539438247681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.8715877532958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.8500850200653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135784402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6958279","display_name":"Evaluation of machine translation","level":5,"score":0.7349537014961243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7099547386169434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24687705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3753284","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","level":3,"score":0.675819993019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6508606672286987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776224158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187931","display_name":"Phrase","level":2,"score":0.6334682703018188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148526163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6723733","display_name":"Machine translation software usability","level":4,"score":0.6165300607681274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.559867262840271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130597682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6961922","display_name":"Transfer-based machine translation","level":4,"score":0.5361253023147583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.5177440047264099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4941423237323761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4724567234516144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4643697142601013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.45983049273490906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.44080281257629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.12496107816696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/0891201042544884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/0891201042544884","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/30/4/417/1798101/0891201042544884.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.136.1291","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.136.1291","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/J/J04/J04-4002.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3e00900575274d7b85c255f35c2164c7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3e00900575274d7b85c255f35c2164c7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics, Vol 30, Iss 4 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/0891201042544884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/0891201042544884","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/30/4/417/1798101/0891201042544884.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15592790","https://openalex.org/W87890863","https://openalex.org/W177198256","https://openalex.org/W1518357715","https://openalex.org/W1521840652","https://openalex.org/W1529616844","https://openalex.org/W1538023239","https://openalex.org/W1555286493","https://openalex.org/W1994919150","https://openalex.org/W2001792610","https://openalex.org/W2006969979","https://openalex.org/W2007709031","https://openalex.org/W2008184426","https://openalex.org/W2012511220","https://openalex.org/W2038698865","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2065174184","https://openalex.org/W2071991030","https://openalex.org/W2081677882","https://openalex.org/W2083460949","https://openalex.org/W2086825453","https://openalex.org/W2095743640","https://openalex.org/W2096175520","https://openalex.org/W2097333193","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2103863416","https://openalex.org/W2107551411","https://openalex.org/W2114434620","https://openalex.org/W2116316001","https://openalex.org/W2117428648","https://openalex.org/W2118686841","https://openalex.org/W2121221258","https://openalex.org/W2124262992","https://openalex.org/W2139403546","https://openalex.org/W2142966412","https://openalex.org/W2146574666","https://openalex.org/W2153653739","https://openalex.org/W2154124206","https://openalex.org/W2156985047","https://openalex.org/W2158164089","https://openalex.org/W2161792612","https://openalex.org/W2164948578","https://openalex.org/W2210115826","https://openalex.org/W2341171179","https://openalex.org/W2422872931","https://openalex.org/W2914605928","https://openalex.org/W4231741839","https://openalex.org/W4241850027","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3204448004","https://openalex.org/W2566847733","https://openalex.org/W2122287718","https://openalex.org/W2753600765","https://openalex.org/W2962780935","https://openalex.org/W193726211","https://openalex.org/W2740094425","https://openalex.org/W2587602790","https://openalex.org/W4378619223","https://openalex.org/W2532807140"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"phrase-based":[1],"statistical":[2,80],"machine":[3,81,157],"translation":[4,15,35,82,144,158,173],"approach":[5,10,16,106],"\u2014":[6,11],"the":[7,25,34,66,72,88,94,99,114,121,128,133,147],"alignment":[8,134],"template":[9,135],"is":[12,29,54,62,74,107],"described.":[13],"This":[14],"allows":[17],"for":[18,90],"general":[19],"many-to-many":[20],"relations":[21],"between":[22],"words.":[23],"Thereby,":[24,71],"context":[26],"of":[27,65,104,123,152],"words":[28],"taken":[30],"into":[31],"account":[32],"in":[33,40,86],"model,":[36],"and":[37,98,154,171],"local":[38],"changes":[39],"word":[41],"order":[42],"from":[43],"source":[44],"to":[45,76],"target":[46],"language":[47],"can":[48],"be":[49],"learned":[50],"explicitly.":[51],"The":[52,102],"model":[53,73],"described":[55],"using":[56],"a":[57,63,142],"log-linear":[58],"modeling":[59],"approach,":[60],"which":[61],"generalization":[64],"often":[67],"used":[68],"source-channel":[69],"approach.":[70],"easier":[75],"extend":[77],"than":[78,141,167],"classical":[79],"systems.":[83,174],"We":[84],"describe":[85],"detail":[87],"process":[89],"learning":[91],"phrasal":[92],"translations,":[93],"feature":[95],"functions":[96],"used,":[97],"search":[100],"algorithm.":[101],"evaluation":[103,159],"this":[105],"performed":[108],"on":[109],"three":[110],"different":[111],"tasks.":[112],"For":[113],"German-English":[115],"speech":[116],"Verbmobil":[117],"task,":[118,132],"we":[119],"analyze":[120],"effect":[122],"various":[124],"system":[125,136],"components.":[126],"On":[127],"French-English":[129],"Canadian":[130],"Hansards":[131],"obtains":[137],"significantly":[138,163],"better":[139,164],"results":[140],"single-word-based":[143],"model.":[145],"In":[146],"Chinese-English":[148],"2002":[149],"National":[150],"Institute":[151],"Standards":[153],"Technology":[155],"(NIST)":[156],"it":[160],"yields":[161],"statistically":[162],"NIST":[165],"scores":[166],"all":[168],"competing":[169],"research":[170],"commercial":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":88}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
