{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2913882240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089120103322145315","title":"Document Structure","display_name":"Document Structure","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2913882240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089120103322145315","mag":"2913882240"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/089120103322145315","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089120103322145315","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/29/2/211/1797970/089120103322145315.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/29/2/211/1797970/089120103322145315.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110326522","display_name":"Richard Power","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71637028","display_name":"University of Brighton","ror":"https://ror.org/04kp2b655","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71637028"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard Power","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology Research Institute, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK","Information Technology Research Institute, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK. Email:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Research Institute, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71637028"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Research Institute, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK. Email:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71637028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103409470","display_name":"Donia Scott","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71637028","display_name":"University of Brighton","ror":"https://ror.org/04kp2b655","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71637028"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Donia Scott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology Research Institute, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK","Information Technology Research Institute, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK. Email:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Research Institute, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71637028"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Research Institute, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK. Email:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71637028"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046577455","display_name":"Nadjet Bouayad\u2010Agha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-6283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170486558","display_name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra","ror":"https://ror.org/04n0g0b29","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170486558"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nadjet Bouayad-Agha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departament de Tecnologia, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain","Departament de Tecnologia, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain. Email:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departament de Tecnologia, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170486558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departament de Tecnologia, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain. Email:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170486558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046577455","https://openalex.org/A5103409470","https://openalex.org/A5110326522"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170486558","https://openalex.org/I71637028"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.5855,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":111,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98809037,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"2","first_page":"211","last_page":"260"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12377","display_name":"Digital Humanities and Scholarship","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8016153573989868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markup-language","display_name":"Markup language","score":0.6285735368728638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6090255975723267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presentation","display_name":"Presentation (obstetrics)","score":0.5823249816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.5729883313179016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.5653001666069031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5370849967002869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extension","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","score":0.46666449308395386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41523364186286926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.29578959941864014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xml","display_name":"XML","score":0.20610973238945007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1768168807029724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.0933007001876831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8016153573989868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45874996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37045","display_name":"Markup language","level":3,"score":0.6285735368728638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6090255975723267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3409113","display_name":"Presentation (obstetrics)","level":2,"score":0.5823249816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5729883313179016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.5653001666069031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5370849967002869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.46666449308395386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41523364186286926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.29578959941864014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8797682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2115","display_name":"XML","level":2,"score":0.20610973238945007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1768168807029724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0933007001876831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/089120103322145315","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089120103322145315","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/29/2/211/1797970/089120103322145315.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:adb3ed5274c3436182b9b2ab95328359","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/adb3ed5274c3436182b9b2ab95328359","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics, Vol 29, Iss 2 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/089120103322145315","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089120103322145315","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/29/2/211/1797970/089120103322145315.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W88174951","https://openalex.org/W89646195","https://openalex.org/W107937452","https://openalex.org/W156747965","https://openalex.org/W327547297","https://openalex.org/W408533863","https://openalex.org/W620840771","https://openalex.org/W1483817654","https://openalex.org/W1485106551","https://openalex.org/W1485329667","https://openalex.org/W1486798440","https://openalex.org/W1491721682","https://openalex.org/W1509931438","https://openalex.org/W1531600663","https://openalex.org/W1544916875","https://openalex.org/W1545396636","https://openalex.org/W1583314545","https://openalex.org/W1598851216","https://openalex.org/W1645937837","https://openalex.org/W1923671191","https://openalex.org/W1983248018","https://openalex.org/W1988095917","https://openalex.org/W2005473185","https://openalex.org/W2015262548","https://openalex.org/W2019413183","https://openalex.org/W2022104519","https://openalex.org/W2025874769","https://openalex.org/W2031575471","https://openalex.org/W2035258140","https://openalex.org/W2062055696","https://openalex.org/W2062837929","https://openalex.org/W2081193939","https://openalex.org/W2085702226","https://openalex.org/W2133695336","https://openalex.org/W2150149352","https://openalex.org/W2156021548","https://openalex.org/W2493254665","https://openalex.org/W2774968475","https://openalex.org/W2796493717","https://openalex.org/W2914605928","https://openalex.org/W2970486066","https://openalex.org/W4231741839","https://openalex.org/W4235728695","https://openalex.org/W4241850027","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385386698","https://openalex.org/W4387426029","https://openalex.org/W3121570353","https://openalex.org/W818235636","https://openalex.org/W1566913699","https://openalex.org/W2081328318","https://openalex.org/W2127574606","https://openalex.org/W2954418080","https://openalex.org/W1889092586","https://openalex.org/W4254162896"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,84],"argue":[1],"the":[2,14,30],"case":[3],"for":[4],"abstract":[5],"document":[6,59],"structure":[7,60],"as":[8,64],"a":[9,33],"separate":[10],"descriptive":[11],"level":[12],"in":[13,78,94],"analysis":[15],"and":[16,39,56,82,97],"generation":[17,96],"of":[18,23,32,67],"written":[19],"texts.":[20],"The":[21],"purpose":[22],"this":[24,89],"representation":[25],"is":[26,71],"to":[27,75],"mediate":[28],"between":[29],"message":[31],"text":[34],"(i.e.,":[35,43],"its":[36,40,44],"discourse":[37],"structure)":[38],"physical":[41],"presentation":[42],"organization":[45],"into":[46],"graphical":[47],"constituents":[48],"like":[49,80],"sections,":[50],"paragraphs,":[51],"sentences,":[52],"bulleted":[53],"lists,":[54],"figures,":[55],"footnotes).":[57],"Abstract":[58],"can":[61,100],"be":[62,101],"seen":[63],"an":[65],"extension":[66],"Nunberg's":[68],"\u201ctext-grammar\u201d":[69],"it":[70],"also":[72],"closely":[73],"related":[74],"\u201clogical\u201d":[76],"markup":[77],"languages":[79],"HTML":[81],"LaTEX.":[83],"show":[85],"that":[86],"by":[87],"using":[88],"intermediate":[90],"representation,":[91],"several":[92],"subtasks":[93],"language":[95,98],"understanding":[99],"defined":[102],"more":[103],"cleanly.":[104]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2019-02-21T00:00:00"}
