{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2164948578","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089120103321337458","title":"Word Reordering and a Dynamic Programming Beam Search Algorithm for Statistical Machine Translation","display_name":"Word Reordering and a Dynamic Programming Beam Search Algorithm for Statistical Machine Translation","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2164948578","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089120103321337458","mag":"2164948578"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/089120103321337458","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089120103321337458","pdf_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/089120103321337458","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/089120103321337458","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001253909","display_name":"Christoph Tillmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Tillmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598. The research reported here was carried out while the author was with Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Informatik VI, Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598. The research reported here was carried out while the author was with Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Informatik VI, Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112501010","display_name":"Hermann Ney","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hermann Ney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Informatik VI, Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen, D-52056 Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Informatik VI, Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen, D-52056 Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001253909","https://openalex.org/A5112501010"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.6756,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":257,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99376023,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"1","first_page":"97","last_page":"133"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8698208332061768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.680782675743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6754368543624878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.6427152156829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.6376909613609314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-search","display_name":"Beam search","score":0.6253299713134766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.5765105485916138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5670759081840515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.5587655305862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.515505850315094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4733937978744507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-programming","display_name":"Dynamic programming","score":0.46222081780433655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-algorithm","display_name":"Search algorithm","score":0.4523705542087555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.43494337797164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4151262044906616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4120026230812073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.10180386900901794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09626230597496033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8698208332061768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.680782675743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6754368543624878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.6427152156829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.6376909613609314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19889080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835852","display_name":"Beam search","level":3,"score":0.6253299713134766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.5765105485916138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5670759081840515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.5587655305862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.515505850315094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4733937978744507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.46222081780433655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125583679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q755673","display_name":"Search algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4523705542087555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.43494337797164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4151262044906616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4120026230812073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.10180386900901794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09626230597496033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/089120103321337458","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089120103321337458","pdf_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/089120103321337458","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.325.56","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.325.56","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.mt-archive.info/CL-2003-Tillmann.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.77.5034","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.77.5034","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/J/J03/J03-1005.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:67021a5243a34544ba4d676b6daf2e00","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/67021a5243a34544ba4d676b6daf2e00","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics, Vol 29, Iss 1 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/089120103321337458","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089120103321337458","pdf_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/089120103321337458","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155526855","display_name":"Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"0891-2017","issn":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2164948578.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2164948578.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W87890863","https://openalex.org/W177198256","https://openalex.org/W1517947178","https://openalex.org/W1525582138","https://openalex.org/W1529616844","https://openalex.org/W1538023239","https://openalex.org/W1548146869","https://openalex.org/W1555286493","https://openalex.org/W1575431606","https://openalex.org/W1589170661","https://openalex.org/W1590952807","https://openalex.org/W1603508585","https://openalex.org/W1644866298","https://openalex.org/W1969186119","https://openalex.org/W1969697174","https://openalex.org/W1973923101","https://openalex.org/W1979102019","https://openalex.org/W1990005915","https://openalex.org/W1994919150","https://openalex.org/W2006969979","https://openalex.org/W2007709031","https://openalex.org/W2012511220","https://openalex.org/W2015350341","https://openalex.org/W2022286645","https://openalex.org/W2024490156","https://openalex.org/W2038698865","https://openalex.org/W2065174184","https://openalex.org/W2065627366","https://openalex.org/W2071991030","https://openalex.org/W2075201173","https://openalex.org/W2082713237","https://openalex.org/W2096175520","https://openalex.org/W2097333193","https://openalex.org/W2102439588","https://openalex.org/W2107551411","https://openalex.org/W2113106066","https://openalex.org/W2119168550","https://openalex.org/W2121227244","https://openalex.org/W2134237567","https://openalex.org/W2138584836","https://openalex.org/W2139403546","https://openalex.org/W2139647714","https://openalex.org/W2140830074","https://openalex.org/W2144789800","https://openalex.org/W2146418175","https://openalex.org/W2149484506","https://openalex.org/W2158164089","https://openalex.org/W2160645305","https://openalex.org/W2166451556","https://openalex.org/W2210115826","https://openalex.org/W2294868251","https://openalex.org/W2341171179","https://openalex.org/W2396590899","https://openalex.org/W2422872931","https://openalex.org/W2441154163","https://openalex.org/W2601690706","https://openalex.org/W3088420009","https://openalex.org/W3104029765","https://openalex.org/W4241850027","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4323066627","https://openalex.org/W4372260568","https://openalex.org/W4385571464","https://openalex.org/W4379539336","https://openalex.org/W2111329418","https://openalex.org/W1963734729","https://openalex.org/W2117523216","https://openalex.org/W2126560900","https://openalex.org/W3167806467","https://openalex.org/W4385570563"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,171],"article,":[2],"we":[3,41],"describe":[4],"an":[5,61],"efficient":[6,62],"beam":[7,107],"search":[8,20,63,108,153],"algorithm":[9,21],"for":[10,70],"statistical":[11],"machine":[12],"translation":[13,24,72,104],"based":[14],"on":[15,114,124],"dynamic":[16],"programming":[17],"(DP).":[18],"The":[19,79,106],"uses":[22],"the":[23,38,48,71,91,115,125,135,165],"model":[25],"presented":[26],"in":[27,57,144,170],"Brown":[28],"et":[29],"al.":[30],"(1993).":[31],"Starting":[32],"from":[33],"a":[34,43,84,139,145,149],"DP-based":[35],"solution":[36],"to":[37,46,59,75,89,102,119,130],"traveling-salesman":[39],"problem,":[40],"present":[42],"novel":[44],"technique":[45],"restrict":[47],"possible":[49],"word":[50,92,166],"reorderings":[51],"between":[52],"source":[53],"and":[54,83,123,156],"target":[55],"language":[56],"order":[58],"achieve":[60],"algorithm.":[64],"Word":[65],"reordering":[66,93],"restrictions":[67,80],"especially":[68],"useful":[69],"direction":[73],"German":[74],"English":[76],"are":[77,81],"presented.":[78],"generalized,":[82],"set":[85],"of":[86,152],"four":[87],"parameters":[88],"control":[90],"is":[94,158],"introduced,":[95],"which":[96],"then":[97],"can":[98,141],"easily":[99],"be":[100,142],"adopted":[101],"new":[103],"directions.":[105],"procedure":[109],"has":[110],"been":[111],"successfully":[112],"tested":[113],"Verbmobil":[116,137],"task":[117,128],"(German":[118],"English,":[120,131],"8,000-word":[121],"vocabulary)":[122],"Canadian":[126],"Hansards":[127],"(French":[129],"100,000-word":[132],"vocabulary).":[133],"For":[134],"medium-sized":[136],"task,":[138],"sentence":[140],"translated":[143],"few":[146],"seconds,":[147],"only":[148],"small":[150],"number":[151],"errors":[154],"occur,":[155],"there":[157],"no":[159],"performance":[160],"degradation":[161],"as":[162],"measured":[163],"by":[164],"error":[167],"criterion":[168],"used":[169],"article.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}