{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2089327890","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000066066","title":"Principal Components Representation of the Two-Dimensional Coronal Tongue Surface","display_name":"Principal Components Representation of the Two-Dimensional Coronal Tongue Surface","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2089327890","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000066066","mag":"2089327890","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12232463"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1159/000066066","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000066066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137490058","display_name":"Phonetica","issn_l":"0031-8388","issn":["0031-8388","1423-0321"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317820","host_organization_name":"Karger Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317820"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Karger Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Phonetica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063814743","display_name":"Eric Slud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0647-9193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/04rq5mt64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eric Slud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematics Department , University of Maryland, College Park, Md., and b Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Sciences , Department of Orthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Md. , USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics Department , University of Maryland, College Park, Md., and b Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Sciences , Department of Orthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Md. , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593","https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113887793","display_name":"Maureen Stone","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/04rq5mt64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maureen Stone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematics Department , University of Maryland, College Park, Md., and b Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Sciences , Department of Orthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Md. , USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics Department , University of Maryland, College Park, Md., and b Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Sciences , Department of Orthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Md. , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593","https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050924628","display_name":"Paul J. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4407-3477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/04rq5mt64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul J. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematics Department , University of Maryland, College Park, Md., and b Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Sciences , Department of Orthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Md. , USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics Department , University of Maryland, College Park, Md., and b Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Sciences , Department of Orthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Md. , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593","https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111822063","display_name":"Mo\u00efse H. Goldstein","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/04rq5mt64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moise Goldstein Jr.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematics Department , University of Maryland, College Park, Md., and b Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Sciences , Department of Orthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Md. , USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics Department , University of Maryland, College Park, Md., and b Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Sciences , Department of Orthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Md. , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593","https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063814743"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593","https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.773,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8572599,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"2-3","first_page":"108","last_page":"133"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consonant","display_name":"Consonant","score":0.5842806696891785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5743756294250488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.5716279149055481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tongue","display_name":"Tongue","score":0.5087295174598694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/truncation","display_name":"Truncation (statistics)","score":0.4887576103210449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4754107594490051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46023961901664734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronal-plane","display_name":"Coronal plane","score":0.45984163880348206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.44141528010368347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vowel","display_name":"Vowel","score":0.43409132957458496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.37218740582466125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2268204391002655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.12275543808937073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anatomy","display_name":"Anatomy","score":0.08818316459655762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08663153648376465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.07312649488449097}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778203577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38035","display_name":"Consonant","level":3,"score":0.5842806696891785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5743756294250488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.5716279149055481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779744641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9614","display_name":"Tongue","level":2,"score":0.5087295174598694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106195933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7847935","display_name":"Truncation (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4887576103210449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4754107594490051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46023961901664734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13483470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1470152","display_name":"Coronal plane","level":2,"score":0.45984163880348206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.44141528010368347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779581591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36244","display_name":"Vowel","level":2,"score":0.43409132957458496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.37218740582466125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2268204391002655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.12275543808937073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.08818316459655762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08663153648376465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.07312649488449097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005006","descriptor_name":"Ethnicity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005006","descriptor_name":"Ethnicity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005006","descriptor_name":"Ethnicity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010700","descriptor_name":"Phonetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010700","descriptor_name":"Phonetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010700","descriptor_name":"Phonetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011187","descriptor_name":"Posture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011187","descriptor_name":"Posture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011187","descriptor_name":"Posture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013068","descriptor_name":"Speech Production Measurement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013068","descriptor_name":"Speech Production Measurement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013068","descriptor_name":"Speech Production Measurement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014059","descriptor_name":"Tongue","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014059","descriptor_name":"Tongue","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014059","descriptor_name":"Tongue","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1159/000066066","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000066066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137490058","display_name":"Phonetica","issn_l":"0031-8388","issn":["0031-8388","1423-0321"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317820","host_organization_name":"Karger Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317820"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Karger Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Phonetica","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12232463","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12232463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Phonetica","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W123135133","https://openalex.org/W1660362885","https://openalex.org/W1681390650","https://openalex.org/W1974688490","https://openalex.org/W1982361989","https://openalex.org/W1988172096","https://openalex.org/W1991482046","https://openalex.org/W1998235170","https://openalex.org/W2002400317","https://openalex.org/W2020493940","https://openalex.org/W2020677212","https://openalex.org/W2021142183","https://openalex.org/W2041373891","https://openalex.org/W2053679433","https://openalex.org/W2053911534","https://openalex.org/W2056133372","https://openalex.org/W2057007006","https://openalex.org/W2062888779","https://openalex.org/W2070696251","https://openalex.org/W2071005414","https://openalex.org/W2090365329","https://openalex.org/W2090599885","https://openalex.org/W2094157801","https://openalex.org/W2122674146","https://openalex.org/W2135580380","https://openalex.org/W2155199877","https://openalex.org/W2569586013","https://openalex.org/W3023807737","https://openalex.org/W4239815971","https://openalex.org/W4293747882"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011604239","https://openalex.org/W3090693757","https://openalex.org/W3132320472","https://openalex.org/W2149139651","https://openalex.org/W2104093133","https://openalex.org/W2119145233","https://openalex.org/W2080189928","https://openalex.org/W1986777016","https://openalex.org/W2259605488","https://openalex.org/W2133506092"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"uses":[2],"principal":[3],"components":[4],"(PC)":[5],"analysis":[6,46],"to":[7,70],"represent":[8],"coronal":[9,85],"tongue":[10,86],"contours":[11],"for":[12,32],"the":[13,58,94,104,107],"11":[14],"vowels":[15],"of":[16,34,57,84,96,106],"English":[17],"in":[18,29],"two":[19],"consonant":[20,113],"contexts":[21],"(/s/,":[22],"/l/),":[23],"based":[24],"upon":[25],"five":[26],"replicated":[27],"measurements":[28],"three":[30],"sessions":[31,40],"each":[33],"6":[35],"subjects.":[36],"Curves":[37],"from":[38],"multiple":[39],"and":[41,68,109,115],"speakers":[42],"were":[43],"overlaid":[44],"before":[45],"onto":[47],"a":[48,71,78],"common":[49,72],"(x,":[50],"y)":[51],"coordinate":[52],"system":[53],"by":[54],"extensive":[55],"preprocessing":[56],"curves":[59,108],"including:":[60],"extension":[61],"(padding)":[62],"or":[63,98],"truncation":[64,69],"within":[65],"session,":[66],"translation,":[67],"x":[73],"range.":[74],"Four":[75],"PCs":[76,101],"plus":[77],"mean":[79],"level":[80],"allow":[81],"accurate":[82],"representation":[83],"curves,":[87],"but":[88],"PC":[89],"shapes":[90],"depend":[91],"strongly":[92],"on":[93],"degree":[95],"padding":[97],"truncation.":[99],"The":[100],"successfully":[102],"reduced":[103],"dimensionality":[105],"reflected":[110],"vowel":[111],"height,":[112],"context,":[114],"physiological":[116],"features.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
