{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2001710495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000028489","title":"Acoustic Vowel Reduction in Creek: Effects of Distinctive Length and Position in the Word","display_name":"Acoustic Vowel Reduction in Creek: Effects of Distinctive Length and Position in the Word","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2001710495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000028489","mag":"2001710495","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11096370"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1159/000028489","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000028489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137490058","display_name":"Phonetica","issn_l":"0031-8388","issn":["0031-8388","1423-0321"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317820","host_organization_name":"Karger Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317820"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Karger Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Phonetica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103006745","display_name":"Keith Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2569-8121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I267592682","display_name":"Williams (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/007zhvp17","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I267592682"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16285277","display_name":"William & Mary","ror":"https://ror.org/03hsf0573","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16285277"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Keith Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio, USA; b College of William and Mary , Williamsburg, Va. , USA","bCollege of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio, USA; b College of William and Mary , Williamsburg, Va. , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16285277","https://openalex.org/I267592682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"bCollege of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16285277","https://openalex.org/I267592682"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060987673","display_name":"Jack B. Martin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16285277","display_name":"William & Mary","ror":"https://ror.org/03hsf0573","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16285277"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I267592682","display_name":"Williams (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/007zhvp17","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I267592682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio, USA; b College of William and Mary , Williamsburg, Va. , USA","bCollege of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio, USA; b College of William and Mary , Williamsburg, Va. , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16285277","https://openalex.org/I267592682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"bCollege of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16285277","https://openalex.org/I267592682"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103006745"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16285277","https://openalex.org/I267592682"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8779,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":74,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85505077,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"1-2","first_page":"81","last_page":"102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11640","display_name":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vowel","display_name":"Vowel","score":0.9293862581253052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diphthong","display_name":"Diphthong","score":0.8463877439498901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formant","display_name":"Formant","score":0.8296091556549072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mid-vowel","display_name":"Mid vowel","score":0.7089595198631287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6001217365264893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4579765200614929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.43149739503860474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.42569196224212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.42204537987709045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.4215906858444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-list","display_name":"Word list","score":0.4189842939376831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.32323718070983887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.321281760931015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11082980036735535}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779581591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36244","display_name":"Vowel","level":2,"score":0.9293862581253052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76978605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102532","display_name":"Diphthong","level":3,"score":0.8463877439498901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158215666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414685","display_name":"Formant","level":3,"score":0.8296091556549072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150321799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1650645","display_name":"Mid vowel","level":4,"score":0.7089595198631287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6001217365264893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4579765200614929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.43149739503860474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.42569196224212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.42204537987709045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4215906858444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993275117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q697133","display_name":"Word list","level":3,"score":0.4189842939376831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32323718070983887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.321281760931015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11082980036735535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010700","descriptor_name":"Phonetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010700","descriptor_name":"Phonetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010700","descriptor_name":"Phonetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013061","descriptor_name":"Speech Acoustics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013061","descriptor_name":"Speech Acoustics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013061","descriptor_name":"Speech Acoustics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013068","descriptor_name":"Speech Production Measurement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013068","descriptor_name":"Speech Production Measurement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013068","descriptor_name":"Speech Production Measurement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1159/000028489","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000028489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137490058","display_name":"Phonetica","issn_l":"0031-8388","issn":["0031-8388","1423-0321"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317820","host_organization_name":"Karger Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317820"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Karger Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Phonetica","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11096370","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11096370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Phonetica","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309374","display_name":"Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17144746","https://openalex.org/W92381792","https://openalex.org/W144296596","https://openalex.org/W357827626","https://openalex.org/W566075402","https://openalex.org/W624658999","https://openalex.org/W1492573248","https://openalex.org/W1498691477","https://openalex.org/W1520777603","https://openalex.org/W1521347974","https://openalex.org/W1539209865","https://openalex.org/W1801810991","https://openalex.org/W1963920542","https://openalex.org/W1970104576","https://openalex.org/W1980765778","https://openalex.org/W1980884156","https://openalex.org/W1993533823","https://openalex.org/W1997485640","https://openalex.org/W2000426892","https://openalex.org/W2002417267","https://openalex.org/W2033675107","https://openalex.org/W2040155349","https://openalex.org/W2042056918","https://openalex.org/W2043307825","https://openalex.org/W2053524626","https://openalex.org/W2056133372","https://openalex.org/W2058714861","https://openalex.org/W2073512945","https://openalex.org/W2084300416","https://openalex.org/W2084444858","https://openalex.org/W2085506191","https://openalex.org/W2088603884","https://openalex.org/W2093017178","https://openalex.org/W2093527506","https://openalex.org/W2099813345","https://openalex.org/W2100325713","https://openalex.org/W2109283233","https://openalex.org/W2109935014","https://openalex.org/W2112890390","https://openalex.org/W2133388752","https://openalex.org/W2139328541","https://openalex.org/W2146634935","https://openalex.org/W2184444734","https://openalex.org/W2219503773","https://openalex.org/W2225952613","https://openalex.org/W2312431196","https://openalex.org/W2324916489","https://openalex.org/W2334071222","https://openalex.org/W2339120133","https://openalex.org/W2345265693","https://openalex.org/W2402235309","https://openalex.org/W2522526493","https://openalex.org/W2731134267","https://openalex.org/W2890180406","https://openalex.org/W2985113289","https://openalex.org/W2990078399","https://openalex.org/W2990187578","https://openalex.org/W2991002279","https://openalex.org/W2991624302","https://openalex.org/W3092211754","https://openalex.org/W3094573396","https://openalex.org/W3189763673","https://openalex.org/W4298333513","https://openalex.org/W6699669338"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2912370568","https://openalex.org/W2184417239","https://openalex.org/W2053092242","https://openalex.org/W2121272090","https://openalex.org/W2344358524","https://openalex.org/W2157856271","https://openalex.org/W1788546957","https://openalex.org/W3169184738","https://openalex.org/W2078190244","https://openalex.org/W2159971381"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Eight":[0],"speakers":[1,67],"(4":[2],"male":[3,72],"and":[4,21,30,35,52,82,109,181],"4":[5],"female)":[6],"of":[7,11,16,23,46,49,197,202,210,216],"the":[8,19,47,132,138,171,189,206],"Muskogee":[9],"dialect":[10],"Creek":[12,125,185],"pronounced":[13],"a":[14,60,194],"set":[15],"words":[17],"illustrating":[18],"vowels":[20,54,84,123,150,158],"diphthongs":[22],"Creek.":[24],"These":[25],"recordings":[26],"were":[27,85,137,154],"analyzed":[28],"acoustically":[29],"data":[31,97],"on":[32],"vowel":[33,36,95,103,107,113,134,163],"duration":[34],"formant":[37,96],"frequencies":[38],"are":[39,212],"presented":[40],"in":[41,87,91,118,124,131,147,151,159,167,170,178,214],"this":[42,203],"paper.":[43],"The":[44,94,200],"ratio":[45,58],"durations":[48],"dictinctively":[50],"long":[51,81,122],"short":[53,83,106,140],"was":[55,70,76,165],"1.8.":[56],"This":[57],"showed":[59,98],"sex":[61],"difference,":[62],"being":[63],"larger":[64],"for":[65,71],"female":[66],"than":[68,90,136],"it":[69,192],"speakers.":[73],"Final":[74],"lengthening":[75],"also":[77,145],"observed:":[78],"both":[79,168],"distinctively":[80,139],"longer":[86],"word-final":[88,152],"position":[89,153],"word-initial":[92,160],"position.":[93,161],"two":[99],"additive,":[100],"orthogonal":[101],"phonetic":[102,218],"reduction":[104,143,174],"processes:":[105],"centralization":[108,114,164],"positional":[110],"reduction.":[111],"Short":[112,162],"has":[115,175],"been":[116,176],"found":[117],"many":[119],"languages.":[120],"Distinctively":[121],"tended":[126],"to":[127,157,188],"be":[128],"more":[129],"peripheral":[130],"acoustic":[133],"space":[135],"vowels.":[141],"Positional":[142,173],"is":[144,193],"evident":[146],"these":[148,182],"data:":[149],"reduced":[155],"relative":[156],"preserved":[166],"positions":[169],"word.":[172],"documented":[177],"several":[179],"languages,":[180],"results":[183,201],"from":[184],"lend":[186],"support":[187],"hypothesis":[190],"that":[191],"general":[195],"property":[196],"speech":[198],"production.":[199],"acoustic-phonetic":[204],"study,":[205],"first":[207],"such":[208],"study":[209],"Creek,":[211],"discussed":[213],"light":[215],"cross-linguistic":[217],"trends.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}