{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2165431515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000028474","title":"The Phonetic Potential of Nonhuman Vocal Tracts: Comparative Cineradiographic Observations of Vocalizing Animals","display_name":"The Phonetic Potential of Nonhuman Vocal Tracts: Comparative Cineradiographic Observations of Vocalizing Animals","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2165431515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000028474","mag":"2165431515","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10992141"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1159/000028474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000028474","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137490058","display_name":"Phonetica","issn_l":"0031-8388","issn":["0031-8388","1423-0321"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317820","host_organization_name":"Karger Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317820"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Karger Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Phonetica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030131830","display_name":"W. Tecumseh Fitch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1830-0928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"W. Tecumseh Fitch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University and Program in Speech and Hearing Science (Harvard/MIT), Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. tec@wjh.harvard.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University and Program in Speech and Hearing Science (Harvard/MIT), Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. tec@wjh.harvard.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030131830"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1138,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":178,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86255924,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"2-4","first_page":"205","last_page":"218"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11665","display_name":"Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1309","display_name":"Developmental Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11665","display_name":"Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1309","display_name":"Developmental Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manner-of-articulation","display_name":"Manner of articulation","score":0.46645015478134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audiology","display_name":"Audiology","score":0.46036091446876526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.4486251473426819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.43904614448547363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3803693652153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1519218385219574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.0940956175327301}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66029223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210847","display_name":"Manner of articulation","level":2,"score":0.46645015478134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.46036091446876526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.4486251473426819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.43904614448547363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3803693652153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1519218385219574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0940956175327301}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000819","descriptor_name":"Animal Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000819","descriptor_name":"Animal Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000819","descriptor_name":"Animal Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000882","descriptor_name":"Haplorhini","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000882","descriptor_name":"Haplorhini","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000882","descriptor_name":"Haplorhini","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002933","descriptor_name":"Cineradiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002933","descriptor_name":"Cineradiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002933","descriptor_name":"Cineradiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004285","descriptor_name":"Dogs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004285","descriptor_name":"Dogs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004285","descriptor_name":"Dogs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006041","descriptor_name":"Goats","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006041","descriptor_name":"Goats","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006041","descriptor_name":"Goats","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007830","descriptor_name":"Larynx","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007830","descriptor_name":"Larynx","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007830","descriptor_name":"Larynx","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013552","descriptor_name":"Swine","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013552","descriptor_name":"Swine","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013552","descriptor_name":"Swine","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014831","descriptor_name":"Voice","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014831","descriptor_name":"Voice","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014831","descriptor_name":"Voice","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1159/000028474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000028474","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137490058","display_name":"Phonetica","issn_l":"0031-8388","issn":["0031-8388","1423-0321"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317820","host_organization_name":"Karger Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317820"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Karger Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Phonetica","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10992141","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10992141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Phonetica","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2891253483","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"T32-DC-00038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337352","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337352","display_name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhx6838"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1500674069","https://openalex.org/W1509264050","https://openalex.org/W1570189195","https://openalex.org/W1581212190","https://openalex.org/W1973856958","https://openalex.org/W1980047162","https://openalex.org/W1982976845","https://openalex.org/W1984880474","https://openalex.org/W1987567187","https://openalex.org/W1994155510","https://openalex.org/W1995770472","https://openalex.org/W2012595574","https://openalex.org/W2032095410","https://openalex.org/W2042494577","https://openalex.org/W2047829887","https://openalex.org/W2049609131","https://openalex.org/W2077394899","https://openalex.org/W2091591426","https://openalex.org/W2106533942","https://openalex.org/W2112101928","https://openalex.org/W2112234498","https://openalex.org/W2119221767","https://openalex.org/W2134875421","https://openalex.org/W2143800077","https://openalex.org/W2149264411","https://openalex.org/W2150770206","https://openalex.org/W2405313519"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2931662336","https://openalex.org/W2077865380","https://openalex.org/W2765597752","https://openalex.org/W2134894512","https://openalex.org/W2083375246","https://openalex.org/W2067108088","https://openalex.org/W2085372204","https://openalex.org/W4391301621"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"more":[1,182],"than":[2,88,184],"a":[3,77],"century":[4],"it":[5,95],"has":[6,56],"been":[7,57],"noted":[8],"that":[9,17,22,99,176,188],"the":[10,23,27,39,43,64,71,100,111,115,148,153,156,177,197],"adult":[11,46],"human":[12],"vocal":[13,65,81,118,179],"tract":[14,82,180],"differs":[15],"from":[16,152],"of":[18,26,67,74,80,103,114,126,200,205,210],"other":[19,92],"mammals,":[20],"in":[21,32],"resting":[24],"position":[25],"larynx":[28,40,73,149],"is":[29,89,96,181],"much":[30],"lower":[31],"humans.":[33],"While":[34],"animals":[35,105],"habitually":[36],"breathe":[37],"with":[38],"inserted":[41],"into":[42],"nasal":[44],"cavity,":[45],"humans":[47,75],"are":[48,213],"unable":[49],"to":[50,91,110,196],"do":[51],"this.":[52],"This":[53],"anatomical":[54],"difference":[55],"cited":[58],"as":[59],"an":[60,107,193],"important":[61],"factor":[62],"limiting":[63],"potential":[66,113,199],"nonhuman":[68,178,201],"animals,":[69],"because":[70],"low":[72],"allows":[76],"wider":[78],"range":[79],"shapes":[83],"and":[84,139,155,187],"thus":[85],"formant":[86],"patterns":[87],"available":[90],"species.":[93],"However,":[94],"not":[97],"clear":[98],"static":[101,189],"anatomy":[102,191],"dead":[104],"provides":[106,192],"accurate":[108],"guide":[109,195],"phonetic":[112,198],"living":[116],"animal's":[117],"tract.":[119],"Here":[120],"I":[121],"present":[122],"X-ray":[123],"video":[124],"observations":[125],"four":[127,146],"mammal":[128],"species":[129],"(dogs":[130],"Canis":[131],"familiaris,":[132],"goats":[133],"Capra":[134],"hircus,":[135],"pigs":[136],"Sus":[137],"scrofa":[138],"cotton-top":[140],"tamarins":[141],"Sagunius":[142],"oedipus).":[143],"In":[144,163],"all":[145],"species,":[147],"was":[150,158,168],"lowered":[151],"nasopharynx,":[154],"velum":[157],"closed,":[159],"during":[160],"loud":[161],"calls.":[162],"dogs":[164],"this":[165],"temporary":[166],"lowering":[167],"particularly":[169],"pronounced.":[170],"Although":[171],"preliminary,":[172],"these":[173,206],"results":[174],"suggest":[175],"flexible":[183],"previously":[185],"supposed,":[186],"postmortem":[190],"incomplete":[194],"animals.":[202],"The":[203],"implications":[204],"findings":[207],"for":[208],"theories":[209],"speech":[211],"evolution":[212],"discussed.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}