{"id":"https://openalex.org/W6903488581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11588/heidok.00033994","title":"Neural Techniques for German Dependency Parsing","display_name":"Neural Techniques for German Dependency Parsing","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W6903488581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11588/heidok.00033994"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de:33994","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/33994/1/thesis.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402333","display_name":"heiDOK (Heidelberg University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","host_organization_name":"Heidelberg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/33994/1/thesis.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Do, Bich-Ngoc","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Do, Bich-Ngoc","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27897045,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.576200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.576200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.09529999643564224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.020600000396370888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.8058000206947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency-grammar","display_name":"Dependency grammar","score":0.6263999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5922999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german","display_name":"German","score":0.5497999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottom-up-parsing","display_name":"Bottom-up parsing","score":0.5343000292778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s-attributed-grammar","display_name":"S-attributed grammar","score":0.5260999798774719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4733000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4341000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.36800000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.8058000206947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164883195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674834","display_name":"Dependency grammar","level":3,"score":0.6263999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5922999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.5497999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60690694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q894902","display_name":"Bottom-up parsing","level":4,"score":0.5343000292778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147547768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3113342","display_name":"S-attributed grammar","level":3,"score":0.5260999798774719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4733000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4341000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.36800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118364021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7139956","display_name":"Parser combinator","level":3,"score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3662000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70777604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q257885","display_name":"Word order","level":2,"score":0.362199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166651950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7824365","display_name":"Top-down parsing language","level":5,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42560504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15419395","display_name":"Top-down parsing","level":3,"score":0.3206000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129792486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050419","display_name":"Language identification","level":3,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de:33994","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/33994/1/thesis.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402333","display_name":"heiDOK (Heidelberg University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","host_organization_name":"Heidelberg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},{"id":"doi:10.11588/heidok.00033994","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.11588/heidok.00033994","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051545","display_name":"University Library Heidelberg","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de:33994","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/33994/1/thesis.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402333","display_name":"heiDOK (Heidelberg University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","host_organization_name":"Heidelberg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8211354613304138,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W6903488581.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W6903488581.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Syntactic":[0],"parsing":[1,59,91,120,163,171,191,201,303,437,501,558,579],"is":[2,19,31,155,172,243,281,288,300,379,390,410,451,463,486,494,663,668,687],"the":[3,7,108,131,136,156,188,216,248,277,289,296,305,326,363,373,376,381,386,394,404,407,427,433,439,443,458,468,474,487,533,553,561,581,614,622,664,674,685,690,694,698,703,706],"task":[4,174,459],"of":[5,9,32,110,139,158,179,190,238,247,250,292,375,406,416,435,445,457,470,476,616,642,693,705],"analyzing":[6],"structure":[8],"a":[10,20,65,173,222,235,244,332,343,348,454,477,509,540,605,639,643],"sentence":[11,214,582],"based":[12,646],"on":[13,84,365,502,537,591,597,624,627,647,660,676],"some":[14],"predefined":[15],"formal":[16],"assumption.":[17],"It":[18,154],"key":[21],"component":[22,330],"in":[23,196,224,227,266,331,424,429,566],"many":[24,177],"natural":[25,36],"language":[26,37,87,95,109,180],"processing":[27],"(NLP)":[28],"pipelines":[29],"and":[30,88,112,151,167,186,213,263,269,370,398,466,496,520,599,609,626,633,678,702],"great":[33],"benefit":[34],"for":[35,93,117,202,240,302,311,383,388,393,512,572],"understanding":[38],"(NLU)":[39],"tasks":[40],"such":[41],"as":[42,70,107,526],"information":[43,280,291,462],"retrieval":[44],"or":[45,72,74],"sentiment":[46],"analysis.":[47],"Despite":[48],"achieving":[49],"very":[50],"high":[51],"results":[52,469,672],"with":[53,96,127,342,426,438,604],"neural":[54,124,333,479,499,592,618],"network":[55,125],"techniques,":[56],"most":[57],"syntactic":[58,170,200,209,436],"research":[60],"pays":[61],"attention":[62,519],"to":[63,98,142,184,198,261,413,452,569,670,689],"only":[64,272,656,665],"few":[66],"prominent":[67],"languages":[68,396,603],"(such":[69],"English":[71,389,598,625,661],"Chinese)":[73],"language-agnostic":[75],"settings.":[76],"Thus,":[77,283],"we":[78,104,182,219,284,308,324,507,555,576,637],"still":[79],"lack":[80],"studies":[81],"that":[82,94,129,161,175,242,256,286,299,316,336,346,403,420,490,516,557,667,684],"focus":[83],"just":[85],"one":[86],"design":[89],"specific":[90,132],"strategies":[92],"regards":[97],"its":[99],"linguistic":[100],"properties.&#13;\\n&#13;\\nIn":[101],"this":[102,485],"thesis,":[103],"take":[105],"German":[106,118,144,164,228,369,538,632,677],"interest":[111],"develop":[113],"more":[114],"accurate":[115],"methods":[116,126],"dependency":[119,267,334,500,578],"by":[121,135,231,319,539,544,549],"combining":[122],"state-of-the-art":[123],"techniques":[128],"address":[130],"challenges":[133,310],"posed":[134],"language-specific":[137],"properties":[138],"German.":[140,203],"Compared":[141],"English,":[143,368],"has":[145,594],"richer":[146],"morphology,":[147],"semi-free":[148],"word":[149,262,274,524,607],"order,":[150],"case":[152,320],"syncretism.":[153,321],"combination":[157],"those":[159],"characteristics":[160],"makes":[162],"an":[165,709],"interesting":[166],"challenging":[168],"task.&#13;\\n&#13;\\nBecause":[169],"requires":[176],"levels":[178,205],"understanding,":[181],"propose":[183,234],"study":[185,432],"improve":[187,199,577,671],"knowledge":[189],"models":[192,360,378,409,620,659],"at":[193,580],"each":[194,338],"level":[195,441,583],"order":[197,608],"These":[204],"are:":[206],"(sub)word":[207,217],"level,":[208,210,212,218,307],"semantic":[211,297,440,527,563],"level.&#13;\\n&#13;\\nAt":[215],"look":[220],"into":[221],"surge":[223],"out-of-vocabulary":[225],"words":[226],"data":[229],"caused":[230,318,548],"compounding.":[232],"We":[233,612],"new":[236,344,377,640],"type":[237],"embeddings":[239,249,258,265,271,275,525],"compounds":[241],"compositional":[245],"model":[246,666],"individual":[251],"components.":[252],"Our":[253,400,449,529,652,680],"experiments":[254],"show":[255,556],"character-based":[257],"are":[259,317,422,565],"superior":[260,568],"compound":[264,270],"parsing,":[268],"outperform":[273],"when":[276],"part-of-speech":[278],"(POS)":[279],"unavailable.":[282],"conclude":[285],"it":[287],"morpho-syntactic":[290],"unknown":[293],"compounds,":[294],"not":[295,380,411,464,655],"one,":[298],"crucial":[301],"German.&#13;\\n&#13;\\nAt":[304],"syntax":[306],"investigate":[309],"local":[312],"grammatical":[313,327],"function":[314,328],"labeler":[315,345],"In":[322,505,552,635],"detail,":[323],"augment":[325],"labeling":[329],"parser":[335],"labels":[337],"head-dependent":[339],"pair":[340],"independently":[341],"includes":[347],"decision":[349],"history,":[350],"using":[351,584],"Long":[352],"Short-Term":[353],"Memory":[354],"networks":[355,650],"(LSTMs).":[356],"All":[357],"our":[358,482],"proposed":[359,653],"significantly":[361],"outperformed":[362,532],"baseline":[364],"three":[366],"languages:":[367,385],"Czech.":[371,634,679],"However,":[372],"impact":[374],"same":[382,562],"all":[384],"improvement":[387],"smaller":[391],"than":[392],"non-configurational":[395],"(German":[397],"Czech).":[399],"analysis":[401,681],"suggests":[402],"success":[405],"history-based":[408],"due":[412,688],"better":[414,423],"handling":[415],"long":[417],"dependencies":[418],"but":[419,662],"they":[421],"dealing":[425],"uncertainty":[428],"head":[430],"direction.&#13;\\n&#13;\\nWe":[431],"interaction":[434],"via":[442],"problem":[444],"PP":[446,491,513,573],"attachment":[447,492,514,574],"disambiguation.":[448],"motivation":[450],"provide":[453],"realistic":[455],"evaluation":[456],"where":[460,697],"gold":[461,699],"available":[465],"compare":[467],"disambiguation":[471,493,515],"systems":[472,559,570],"against":[473,498],"output":[475],"strong":[478],"parser.":[480],"To":[481],"best":[483],"knowledge,":[484],"first":[488],"time":[489],"evaluated":[495,596],"compared":[497],"predicted":[503,550],"information.":[504,551],"addition,":[506,636],"present":[508],"novel":[510],"approach":[511,536],"uses":[517],"biaffine":[518],"utilizes":[521],"pre-trained":[522],"contextualized":[523],"knowledge.":[528],"end-to-end":[530],"system":[531],"previous":[534,589,658],"pipeline":[535],"large":[541],"margin":[542],"simply":[543],"avoiding":[545],"error":[546],"propagation":[547],"end,":[554],"(with":[560],"knowledge)":[564],"general":[567],"specialized":[571],"disambiguation.&#13;\\n&#13;\\nLastly,":[575],"reranking":[585,593,619],"techniques.":[586],"So":[587],"far,":[588],"work":[590],"been":[595],"Chinese":[600],"only,":[601],"both":[602],"configurational":[606],"poor":[610],"morphology.":[611],"re-assess":[613],"potential":[615],"successful":[617],"from":[621],"literature":[623],"two":[628],"morphologically":[629],"rich(er)":[630],"languages,":[631],"introduce":[638],"variation":[641],"discriminative":[644],"reranker":[645,654],"graph":[648],"convolutional":[649],"(GCNs).":[651],"outperforms":[657],"able":[669],"over":[673],"baselines":[675],"points":[682],"out":[683],"failure":[686],"lower":[691],"quality":[692],"k-best":[695],"lists,":[696],"tree":[700],"ratio":[701],"diversity":[704],"list":[707],"play":[708],"important":[710],"role.":[711]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
