{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147649560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/9139921","title":"Intelligent Modeling of Protein Function and Drug Discovery Using Large Language Models: A Review","display_name":"Intelligent Modeling of Protein Function and Drug Discovery Using Large Language Models: A Review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147649560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/9139921"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/int/9139921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/9139921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/9139921","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132541651","display_name":"Minna Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180632629","display_name":"Xi'an International Studies University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gcme754","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180632629"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129906","display_name":"Xi\u2019an International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w30qy89","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129906"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minna Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine ,  Xi\u2019an International University ,  Xi\u2019an ,  710077 ,  China ,  xaiu.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine ,  Xi\u2019an International University ,  Xi\u2019an ,  710077 ,  China ,  xaiu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180632629","https://openalex.org/I4210129906"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132691172","display_name":"Bin Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy ,  Hubei Cancer Hospital ,  Tongji Medical College ,  Huazhong University of Science and Technology ,  Wuhan ,  430079 , Hubei,  China ,  hust.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy ,  Hubei Cancer Hospital ,  Tongji Medical College ,  Huazhong University of Science and Technology ,  Wuhan ,  430079 , Hubei,  China ,  hust.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132675624","display_name":"Jing Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180632629","display_name":"Xi'an International Studies University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gcme754","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180632629"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129906","display_name":"Xi\u2019an International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w30qy89","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129906"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine ,  Xi\u2019an International University ,  Xi\u2019an ,  710077 ,  China ,  xaiu.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine ,  Xi\u2019an International University ,  Xi\u2019an ,  710077 ,  China ,  xaiu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180632629","https://openalex.org/I4210129906"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126491267","display_name":"Baozhen Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180632629","display_name":"Xi'an International Studies University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gcme754","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180632629"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129906","display_name":"Xi\u2019an International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w30qy89","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129906"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baozhen Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine ,  Xi\u2019an International University ,  Xi\u2019an ,  710077 ,  China ,  xaiu.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine ,  Xi\u2019an International University ,  Xi\u2019an ,  710077 ,  China ,  xaiu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180632629","https://openalex.org/I4210129906"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132622370","display_name":"Hongkai Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180632629","display_name":"Xi'an International Studies University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gcme754","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180632629"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129906","display_name":"Xi\u2019an International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w30qy89","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129906"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongkai Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine ,  Xi\u2019an International University ,  Xi\u2019an ,  710077 ,  China ,  xaiu.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine ,  Xi\u2019an International University ,  Xi\u2019an ,  710077 ,  China ,  xaiu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180632629","https://openalex.org/I4210129906"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132710661","display_name":"Yangyang Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102412","display_name":"Yan'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dyr7034","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yangyang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Electronic Information ,  Yan\u2019an University ,  Yan\u2019an , Shaanxi,  China ,  yau.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Electronic Information ,  Yan\u2019an University ,  Yan\u2019an , Shaanxi,  China ,  yau.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132577433","display_name":"Jihan Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180632629","display_name":"Xi'an International Studies University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gcme754","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180632629"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102412","display_name":"Yan'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dyr7034","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102412"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129906","display_name":"Xi\u2019an International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w30qy89","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129906"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jihan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine ,  Xi\u2019an International University ,  Xi\u2019an ,  710077 ,  China ,  xaiu.edu.cn","Yan\u2019an Medical College ,  Yan\u2019an University ,  Yan\u2019an , Shaanxi,  China ,  yau.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1925-330X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine ,  Xi\u2019an International University ,  Xi\u2019an ,  710077 ,  China ,  xaiu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180632629","https://openalex.org/I4210129906"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yan\u2019an Medical College ,  Yan\u2019an University ,  Yan\u2019an , Shaanxi,  China ,  yau.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053608623","display_name":"Mengju Xue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180632629","display_name":"Xi'an International Studies University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gcme754","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180632629"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129906","display_name":"Xi\u2019an International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w30qy89","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129906"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mengju Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine ,  Xi\u2019an International University ,  Xi\u2019an ,  710077 ,  China ,  xaiu.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7860-7782","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine ,  Xi\u2019an International University ,  Xi\u2019an ,  710077 ,  China ,  xaiu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180632629","https://openalex.org/I4210129906"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053608623","https://openalex.org/A5132577433"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180632629","https://openalex.org/I4210102412","https://openalex.org/I4210129906"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32989425,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2026","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.4133000075817108,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.4133000075817108,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.1662999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10887","display_name":"Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks","score":0.11410000175237656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-discovery","display_name":"Drug discovery","score":0.6147000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.3718000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-model","display_name":"Computational model","score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-target","display_name":"Drug target","score":0.3215000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-database","display_name":"Biological database","score":0.29989999532699585}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6478000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74187038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418791","display_name":"Drug discovery","level":2,"score":0.6147000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.48350000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44130000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.3718000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989108626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q904407","display_name":"Drug target","level":2,"score":0.3215000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20901353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117139","display_name":"Biological database","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776434776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19246213","display_name":"Domain adaptation","level":3,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165141518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915126","display_name":"Biomedical text mining","level":3,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152662350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815297","display_name":"Systems biology","level":2,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120567893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1582085","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64903051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2198549","display_name":"Drug development","level":3,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66782513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864601","display_name":"Biomedicine","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179603123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941921","display_name":"Modeling language","level":3,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/int/9139921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/9139921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/int/9139921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/9139921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":103,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1653739410","https://openalex.org/W1939861820","https://openalex.org/W2015236575","https://openalex.org/W2043757580","https://openalex.org/W2050006154","https://openalex.org/W2068991236","https://openalex.org/W2084955942","https://openalex.org/W2149775989","https://openalex.org/W2153838454","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2793951981","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2944851425","https://openalex.org/W2973114758","https://openalex.org/W2999406019","https://openalex.org/W3022395336","https://openalex.org/W3087318293","https://openalex.org/W3137270128","https://openalex.org/W3146944767","https://openalex.org/W3174167596","https://openalex.org/W3177500196","https://openalex.org/W3177828909","https://openalex.org/W3198212015","https://openalex.org/W3200704197","https://openalex.org/W3205082786","https://openalex.org/W4205773061","https://openalex.org/W4220824576","https://openalex.org/W4220838716","https://openalex.org/W4283161205","https://openalex.org/W4296032638","https://openalex.org/W4297253404","https://openalex.org/W4313430582","https://openalex.org/W4317374308","https://openalex.org/W4318071656","https://openalex.org/W4320933419","https://openalex.org/W4321499561","https://openalex.org/W4324143928","https://openalex.org/W4327550249","https://openalex.org/W4328007191","https://openalex.org/W4382632527","https://openalex.org/W4382652046","https://openalex.org/W4382918229","https://openalex.org/W4385572894","https://openalex.org/W4385573119","https://openalex.org/W4385988359","https://openalex.org/W4386230622","https://openalex.org/W4387304047","https://openalex.org/W4387421329","https://openalex.org/W4388024559","https://openalex.org/W4389977189","https://openalex.org/W4390174695","https://openalex.org/W4390678101","https://openalex.org/W4390766332","https://openalex.org/W4391716536","https://openalex.org/W4392135532","https://openalex.org/W4392240262","https://openalex.org/W4392358084","https://openalex.org/W4392518459","https://openalex.org/W4393186514","https://openalex.org/W4394754058","https://openalex.org/W4394845024","https://openalex.org/W4394988133","https://openalex.org/W4396676655","https://openalex.org/W4396895148","https://openalex.org/W4397043191","https://openalex.org/W4398174014","https://openalex.org/W4399283681","https://openalex.org/W4399528430","https://openalex.org/W4400000609","https://openalex.org/W4400410221","https://openalex.org/W4400493769","https://openalex.org/W4400519432","https://openalex.org/W4401660158","https://openalex.org/W4402429489","https://openalex.org/W4402683980","https://openalex.org/W4402886600","https://openalex.org/W4403055295","https://openalex.org/W4403118713","https://openalex.org/W4403203873","https://openalex.org/W4403218259","https://openalex.org/W4403691894","https://openalex.org/W4403761356","https://openalex.org/W4403963480","https://openalex.org/W4404132493","https://openalex.org/W4405270465","https://openalex.org/W4405576517","https://openalex.org/W4405660551","https://openalex.org/W4405764234","https://openalex.org/W4405910844","https://openalex.org/W4406030356","https://openalex.org/W4406083163","https://openalex.org/W4406322514","https://openalex.org/W4406828533","https://openalex.org/W4406892671","https://openalex.org/W4407242483","https://openalex.org/W4407598479","https://openalex.org/W4407636540","https://openalex.org/W4408099822","https://openalex.org/W4408226143","https://openalex.org/W4409357579","https://openalex.org/W4411403346","https://openalex.org/W4412377016","https://openalex.org/W7131876944"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1,8],"models":[2,63],"(LLMs),":[3],"originally":[4],"developed":[5],"for":[6,21,130,150],"natural":[7],"processing,":[9],"are":[10],"increasingly":[11],"being":[12],"applied":[13],"to":[14,35,91,146,153],"biological":[15,122],"data,":[16],"offering":[17],"a":[18,82,148],"novel":[19],"paradigm":[20],"intelligent":[22,155],"modeling":[23],"in":[24,39,52,88,117,140,160],"protein":[25,57],"function":[26,69],"prediction":[27],"and":[28,46,59,74,100,109,121,135,163],"drug":[29,77,164],"discovery.":[30],"By":[31],"leveraging":[32],"their":[33,96],"ability":[34],"capture":[36],"contextual":[37],"dependencies":[38],"sequences,":[40],"LLMs":[41,90,139,159],"such":[42],"as":[43],"ProteinBERT,":[44],"ESM,":[45],"BioGPT":[47],"have":[48],"shown":[49],"strong":[50],"potential":[51],"learning":[53],"informative":[54],"representations":[55],"from":[56],"sequences":[58],"biomedical":[60],"literature.":[61],"These":[62],"can":[64],"support":[65],"downstream":[66],"tasks":[67],"including":[68,115],"annotation,":[70],"protein\u2013protein":[71],"interaction":[72],"prediction,":[73],"de":[75],"novo":[76],"design.":[78],"This":[79,143],"review":[80],"presents":[81],"comprehensive":[83],"overview":[84],"of":[85,112,138],"recent":[86],"advances":[87],"applying":[89],"molecular":[92],"biology,":[93],"focusing":[94],"on":[95,158],"architectures,":[97],"training":[98],"strategies,":[99],"integration":[101],"with":[102],"domain\u2010specific":[103],"knowledge.":[104],"We":[105],"highlight":[106],"the":[107,132],"strengths":[108],"current":[110],"limitations":[111],"LLM\u2010based":[113],"approaches,":[114],"challenges":[116],"data":[118],"scarcity,":[119],"interpretability,":[120],"relevance.":[123],"Finally,":[124],"we":[125],"discuss":[126],"future":[127],"research":[128],"directions":[129],"enhancing":[131],"reliability,":[133],"efficiency,":[134],"domain":[136],"adaptation":[137],"life":[141],"sciences.":[142],"work":[144],"aims":[145],"provide":[147],"foundation":[149],"researchers":[151],"seeking":[152],"apply":[154],"systems":[156],"based":[157],"computational":[161],"biology":[162],"development.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}
