{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162428099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/3992539","title":"A Multirepresentation Stacked Ensemble for AI\u2010Generated Text Detection","display_name":"A Multirepresentation Stacked Ensemble for AI\u2010Generated Text Detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162428099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/3992539"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/int/3992539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/3992539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/3992539","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025168758","display_name":"Md. Siam Ansary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4942-2541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135564639","display_name":"Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04wfbp123","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135564639"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md. Siam Ansary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering ,  Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology ,  Dhaka ,  Bangladesh , aust.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4942-2541","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering ,  Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology ,  Dhaka ,  Bangladesh , aust.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135564639"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025168758"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135564639"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2700},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2700},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52881631,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2026","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.5648000240325928,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.5648000240325928,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.04800000041723251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.046799998730421066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5896999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5638999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.546500027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.527899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-forecasting","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","score":0.4984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4763000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.38280001282691956}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7942000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6384000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5896999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5638999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.546500027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.527899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.4984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4763000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44369998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3917999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.38280001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3813000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.33169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776434776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19246213","display_name":"Domain adaptation","level":3,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/int/3992539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/3992539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/int/3992539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/3992539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7255008220672607,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388144893","https://openalex.org/W4396843725","https://openalex.org/W4400771375","https://openalex.org/W4400976635","https://openalex.org/W4401184393","https://openalex.org/W4402586968","https://openalex.org/W4404420122","https://openalex.org/W4409166874"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,86,105],"rapid":[1],"advancement":[2],"of":[3,96,125,130,138,143,162],"large":[4],"language":[5],"models":[6,153],"(LLMs)":[7],"has":[8,29],"led":[9],"to":[10,34,80],"a":[11,45,92,101,183,188],"substantial":[12],"increase":[13],"in":[14],"AI\u2010generated":[15,51,194],"text,":[16],"raising":[17],"concerns":[18],"regarding":[19],"academic":[20],"integrity,":[21],"content":[22],"authenticity,":[23],"and":[24,39,69,83,100,127,135,154,179,190],"misinformation.":[25],"Detecting":[26],"such":[27],"text":[28,52,195],"become":[30],"increasingly":[31],"challenging":[32],"due":[33],"improved":[35],"fluency,":[36],"paraphrasing":[37],"capabilities,":[38],"domain":[40],"variability.":[41],"This":[42],"paper":[43],"proposes":[44],"multirepresentation":[46],"stacked":[47],"ensemble":[48,94,185],"framework":[49,186],"for":[50,193],"detection":[53,167],"that":[54,119,159,175],"integrates":[55],"heterogeneous":[56,163],"feature":[57,75],"spaces,":[58],"including":[59],"transformer\u2010based":[60],"contextual":[61],"embeddings,":[62],"contrastive":[63],"semantic":[64],"representations,":[65],"handcrafted":[66],"linguistic":[67],"features,":[68],"LLM\u2010derived":[70],"meta\u2010features.":[71],"A":[72],"mutual":[73],"information\u2013based":[74],"selection":[76],"strategy":[77],"is":[78,108],"employed":[79],"reduce":[81],"redundancy":[82],"enhance":[84],"generalization.":[85],"selected":[87],"features":[88,181],"are":[89],"processed":[90],"through":[91],"multilevel":[93],"consisting":[95],"diverse":[97],"base":[98],"learners":[99],"logistic":[102],"regression":[103],"meta\u2010classifier.":[104],"proposed":[106],"approach":[107],"evaluated":[109],"on":[110,132,145],"two":[111],"publicly":[112],"available":[113],"benchmark":[114],"datasets.":[115],"Experimental":[116],"results":[117],"demonstrate":[118],"the":[120,160],"model":[121],"achieves":[122],"an":[123,128,136,141,155],"accuracy":[124,137],"98.74%":[126],"AUC":[129,142],"0.997":[131],"Dataset":[133,146],"01,":[134],"97.92%":[139],"with":[140,150],"0.994":[144],"02.":[147],"Comparative":[148],"analysis":[149],"multiple":[151],"baseline":[152],"ablation":[156],"study":[157],"confirm":[158],"integration":[161],"representations":[164],"significantly":[165],"improves":[166],"performance":[168],"over":[169],"single\u2010model":[170],"approaches.":[171],"These":[172],"findings":[173],"indicate":[174],"combining":[176],"semantic,":[177],"statistical,":[178],"meta\u2010level":[180],"within":[182],"unified":[184],"provides":[187],"robust":[189],"generalizable":[191],"solution":[192],"detection.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-05-27T00:00:00"}
