{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409952430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/2751767","title":"Interpretable Deep Learning for Classifying Skin Lesions","display_name":"Interpretable Deep Learning for Classifying Skin Lesions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409952430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/2751767"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/int/2751767","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/2751767","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/int/2751767","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/int/2751767","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043208531","display_name":"Mojeed O. Oyedeji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8653-5572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mojeed Opeyemi Oyedeji","raw_affiliation_strings":["SDAIA-KFUPM Joint Research Center for Artificial Intelligence ,  King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals ,  Dhahran ,  31261 ,  Saudi Arabia , kfupm.edu.sa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8653-5572","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SDAIA-KFUPM Joint Research Center for Artificial Intelligence ,  King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals ,  Dhahran ,  31261 ,  Saudi Arabia , kfupm.edu.sa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014716134","display_name":"Emmanuel Okafor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6929-6880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Okafor","raw_affiliation_strings":["SDAIA-KFUPM Joint Research Center for Artificial Intelligence ,  King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals ,  Dhahran ,  31261 ,  Saudi Arabia , kfupm.edu.sa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6929-6880","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SDAIA-KFUPM Joint Research Center for Artificial Intelligence ,  King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals ,  Dhahran ,  31261 ,  Saudi Arabia , kfupm.edu.sa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077924711","display_name":"Hussein Samma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3562-2788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hussein Samma","raw_affiliation_strings":["SDAIA-KFUPM Joint Research Center for Artificial Intelligence ,  King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals ,  Dhahran ,  31261 ,  Saudi Arabia , kfupm.edu.sa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3562-2788","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SDAIA-KFUPM Joint Research Center for Artificial Intelligence ,  King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals ,  Dhahran ,  31261 ,  Saudi Arabia , kfupm.edu.sa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063764685","display_name":"Motaz Alfarraj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6052-7221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Motaz Alfarraj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department ,  King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals ,  Dhahran ,  31261 ,  Saudi Arabia , kfupm.edu.sa","Information and Computer Science Department ,  King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals ,  Dhahran ,  31261 ,  Saudi Arabia , kfupm.edu.sa","SDAIA-KFUPM Joint Research Center for Artificial Intelligence ,  King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals ,  Dhahran ,  31261 ,  Saudi Arabia , kfupm.edu.sa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6052-7221","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department ,  King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals ,  Dhahran ,  31261 ,  Saudi Arabia , kfupm.edu.sa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information and Computer Science Department ,  King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals ,  Dhahran ,  31261 ,  Saudi Arabia , kfupm.edu.sa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SDAIA-KFUPM Joint Research Center for Artificial Intelligence ,  King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals ,  Dhahran ,  31261 ,  Saudi Arabia , kfupm.edu.sa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043208531"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"fwci":4.8217,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95491456,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2025","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9763000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7224744558334351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5787160396575928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5536257028579712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44756096601486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-lesion","display_name":"Skin lesion","score":0.41123971343040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3937416970729828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dermatology","display_name":"Dermatology","score":0.20830708742141724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1755339503288269}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7224744558334351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5787160396575928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5536257028579712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44756096601486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988168687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949302","display_name":"Skin lesion","level":2,"score":0.41123971343040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3937416970729828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16005928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171171","display_name":"Dermatology","level":1,"score":0.20830708742141724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1755339503288269}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/int/2751767","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/2751767","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/int/2751767","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/int/2751767","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/2751767","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/int/2751767","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409952430.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409952430.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2061253660","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2768237417","https://openalex.org/W2794825826","https://openalex.org/W2805764248","https://openalex.org/W2886694606","https://openalex.org/W2890655382","https://openalex.org/W2952969434","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963946669","https://openalex.org/W2967473922","https://openalex.org/W2984412793","https://openalex.org/W2999615587","https://openalex.org/W3014419815","https://openalex.org/W3021577186","https://openalex.org/W3029477994","https://openalex.org/W3081862855","https://openalex.org/W3085562408","https://openalex.org/W3092799193","https://openalex.org/W3102785203","https://openalex.org/W3105081694","https://openalex.org/W3118471509","https://openalex.org/W3152157423","https://openalex.org/W3175183715","https://openalex.org/W3187287506","https://openalex.org/W3207298831","https://openalex.org/W3212197959","https://openalex.org/W4288265053","https://openalex.org/W4292354260","https://openalex.org/W4294750626","https://openalex.org/W4295135551","https://openalex.org/W4297539676","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W4301396835","https://openalex.org/W4361200512","https://openalex.org/W4378976220","https://openalex.org/W4379230545","https://openalex.org/W4386850573","https://openalex.org/W4388828532","https://openalex.org/W4391004165","https://openalex.org/W4391543438","https://openalex.org/W4394958520","https://openalex.org/W4399739169","https://openalex.org/W4400003647"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W4285208911","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3082895349"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,192],"global":[1],"prevalence":[2],"of":[3,9,17,34,48,88,113,128,149,164,188,207,271],"skin":[4,18,35,226,272],"cancer":[5],"necessitates":[6],"the":[7,30,86,89,102,116,132,146,157,176,185,189,199,208,212,230],"development":[8],"AI\u2010assisted":[10,252],"technologies":[11],"for":[12,28,221,225],"accurate":[13],"and":[14,32,46,72,78,95,141,178,232,264,269],"interpretable":[15],"diagnosis":[16],"lesions.":[19],"This":[20],"study":[21,216],"presents":[22],"a":[23,110,161],"novel":[24],"deep":[25,58,90],"learning":[26,59,91],"framework":[27],"enhancing":[29],"interpretability":[31,170],"reliability":[33],"lesion":[36,227],"predictions":[37],"from":[38,61,123],"clinical":[39,219,259],"images,":[40],"which":[41],"are":[42,241,255],"more":[43],"inclusive,":[44],"accessible,":[45],"representative":[47],"real\u2010world":[49,235],"conditions":[50],"than":[51],"dermoscopic":[52,239],"images.":[53],"We":[54],"comprehensively":[55],"analyzed":[56],"13":[57],"models":[60,92],"four":[62],"main":[63],"convolutional":[64],"neural":[65],"network":[66],"architecture":[67],"classes:":[68],"DenseNet,":[69],"ResNet,":[70],"MobileNet,":[71],"EfficientNet.":[73],"Different":[74],"data":[75],"augmentation":[76],"strategies":[77],"model":[79,159,213],"optimization":[80],"algorithms":[81,180,224],"were":[82,172],"explored":[83],"to":[84,181],"access":[85],"performances":[87],"in":[93,131,166,197,234,257],"binary":[94,100],"multiclass":[96,133,167],"classification":[97,134],"scenarios.":[98],"In":[99],"classification,":[101],"DenseNet\u2010161":[103],"model,":[104,118],"initialized":[105,119,137,153],"with":[106,120,138,143,154],"random":[107,139],"weights,":[108,156],"obtained":[109,145],"top":[111,162],"accuracy":[112,127,148,163],"79.40%,":[114],"while":[115],"EfficientNet\u2010B7":[117],"pretrained":[121,155],"weights":[122,140],"ImageNet,":[124],"reached":[125],"an":[126],"85.80%.":[129],"Furthermore,":[130],"experiments,":[135],"DenseNet121,":[136],"trained":[142],"AdamW,":[144],"best":[147],"65.1%.":[150],"Likewise,":[151],"when":[152],"DenseNet121":[158],"attained":[160],"75.07%":[165],"classification.":[168],"Detailed":[169],"analyses":[171],"carried":[173],"out":[174],"leveraging":[175],"SHAP":[177,193],"CAM":[179],"provide":[182],"insights":[183],"into":[184],"decision":[186],"rationale":[187],"investigated":[190],"models.":[191],"algorithm":[194],"was":[195],"beneficial":[196],"understanding":[198],"feature":[200],"attributions":[201],"by":[202],"visualizing":[203],"how":[204],"specific":[205],"regions":[206],"input":[209],"image":[210],"influenced":[211],"predictions.":[214],"Our":[215],"emphasizes":[217],"using":[218],"images":[220],"developing":[222],"AI":[223],"diagnosis,":[228],"highlighting":[229],"practicality":[231],"relevance":[233],"applications,":[236],"especially":[237],"where":[238],"tools":[240,254],"not":[242],"readily":[243],"accessible.":[244],"Beyond":[245],"accessibility,":[246],"these":[247],"developments":[248],"also":[249],"ensure":[250],"that":[251],"diagnostic":[253],"deployed":[256],"diverse":[258],"settings,":[260],"thus":[261],"promoting":[262],"inclusiveness":[263],"ultimately":[265],"improving":[266],"early":[267],"detection":[268],"treatment":[270],"cancers.":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
