{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7153632629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/2260439","title":"Large Language Models in Cellulose Biopolymer Studies: Evaluating ChatGPT and Microsoft Copilot for Information and Reference Accuracy","display_name":"Large Language Models in Cellulose Biopolymer Studies: Evaluating ChatGPT and Microsoft Copilot for Information and Reference Accuracy","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7153632629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/2260439"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/int/2260439","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/2260439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/2260439","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133417282","display_name":"Mesbah Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1687-3124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183697816","display_name":"Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05a1qpv97","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183697816"]}],"countries":["BD","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mesbah Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering ,  Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology ,  Dhaka ,  1000 ,  Bangladesh ,  buet.ac.bd","Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering ,  North Carolina State University ,  Raleigh , North Carolina,  27695 ,  USA ,  ncsu.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1687-3124","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering ,  Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology ,  Dhaka ,  1000 ,  Bangladesh ,  buet.ac.bd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183697816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering ,  North Carolina State University ,  Raleigh , North Carolina,  27695 ,  USA ,  ncsu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108603814","display_name":"T.A. Rahman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82497590","display_name":"Auburn University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v80fc35","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanmay Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering ,  Auburn University ,  Auburn , Alabama,  36849 ,  USA ,  auburn.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8254-8189","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering ,  Auburn University ,  Auburn , Alabama,  36849 ,  USA ,  auburn.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046212564","display_name":"Nitesh Kasera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0348-6061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82497590","display_name":"Auburn University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v80fc35","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nitesh Kumar Kasera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biosystems Engineering ,  Auburn University ,  Auburn , Alabama,  36849 ,  USA ,  auburn.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0348-6061","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biosystems Engineering ,  Auburn University ,  Auburn , Alabama,  36849 ,  USA ,  auburn.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100581183","display_name":"Shoeb Ahmed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183697816","display_name":"Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05a1qpv97","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183697816"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shoeb Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering ,  Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology ,  Dhaka ,  1000 ,  Bangladesh ,  buet.ac.bd"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8215-5169","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering ,  Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology ,  Dhaka ,  1000 ,  Bangladesh ,  buet.ac.bd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183697816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100581183"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183697816"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2700},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2700},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2504017,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2026","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11948","display_name":"Machine Learning in Materials Science","score":0.9559000134468079,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11948","display_name":"Machine Learning in Materials Science","score":0.9559000134468079,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.014100000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5346999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.43140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citation","display_name":"Citation","score":0.3018999993801117}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7491000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5346999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.43140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3767000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36559998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3610999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778805511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713","display_name":"Citation","level":2,"score":0.3018999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.27730000019073486}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/int/2260439","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/2260439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/int/2260439","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/2260439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6704996228218079,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967807624","https://openalex.org/W1975665708","https://openalex.org/W1982041674","https://openalex.org/W2327037637","https://openalex.org/W4323655724","https://openalex.org/W4384561707","https://openalex.org/W4386495026","https://openalex.org/W4389727268","https://openalex.org/W4390966669","https://openalex.org/W4391561379","https://openalex.org/W4391862438","https://openalex.org/W4391900128","https://openalex.org/W4392504747","https://openalex.org/W4394995860","https://openalex.org/W4396621404","https://openalex.org/W4399137974","https://openalex.org/W4399142562","https://openalex.org/W4399478575","https://openalex.org/W4400041715","https://openalex.org/W4400232054","https://openalex.org/W4401555054","https://openalex.org/W4401694629","https://openalex.org/W4402540843","https://openalex.org/W4404307665","https://openalex.org/W4405242280","https://openalex.org/W4405451292","https://openalex.org/W4405756297","https://openalex.org/W4405813096","https://openalex.org/W4406216423","https://openalex.org/W4406827449","https://openalex.org/W4407749367","https://openalex.org/W4408343541","https://openalex.org/W7124830850","https://openalex.org/W7125971542"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,30,33,38,58,61,80,83,89,116,132,169,196],"increasing":[2],"reliance":[3],"on":[4,63,71,154],"large":[5],"language":[6],"models":[7,90],"(LLMs)":[8],"for":[9,60,249],"scientific":[10,225],"research,":[11],"it":[12],"is":[13],"critical":[14,137],"to":[15,29,54,145,239],"assess":[16],"their":[17,229],"reliability":[18,237],"in":[19,52,99,104,139,180,223,227,232],"specialized":[20],"fields":[21],"such":[22],"as":[23,246],"biopolymer":[24],"science,":[25],"particularly":[26,103],"with":[27],"respect":[28],"verifiability":[31],"of":[32,40,82,134,172],"references.":[34,183],"This":[35,215],"study":[36],"examines":[37],"performance":[39],"two":[41],"widely":[42],"used":[43],"LLMs,":[44],"ChatGPT":[45,96,108,151,179,187],"(GPT\u20104":[46],"omni)":[47],"and":[48,56,77,79,85,112,119,128,191,199,208,235],"Microsoft":[49],"Copilot":[50,98,124,143,177,204],"(GPT\u20104),":[51],"responding":[53],"questions":[55,67],"citing":[57],"references":[59,86,135,160,194,211],"answers":[62],"cellulose":[64],"biopolymers.":[65],"The":[66],"are":[68,91,161],"set":[69],"based":[70],"three":[72],"cognitive":[73,101],"levels:":[74],"beginner,":[75,117,197],"intermediate,":[76,118,198],"expert,":[78],"accuracy":[81,114,234],"responses":[84],"provided":[87],"by":[88],"assessed.":[92],"Results":[93,184],"show":[94,185],"that":[95,186,218],"outperforms":[97,178],"all":[100],"levels,":[102,121,201],"addressing":[105],"mathematical":[106],"problems.":[107],"achieves":[109,125],"91.9%,":[110,111],"88.6%":[113],"at":[115,195,212],"expert":[120,200],"respectively,":[122,202],"whereas":[123,203],"82.4%,":[126],"82.5%,":[127],"71.1%":[129],"accuracy.":[130],"However,":[131],"analysis":[133],"reveals":[136],"shortcomings":[138],"both":[140],"models.":[141],"While":[142],"tends":[144],"cite":[146],"more":[147],"recent":[148],"journal":[149],"articles,":[150],"often":[152],"relies":[153],"older":[155],"ones.":[156],"In":[157],"many":[158],"cases,":[159],"incomplete,":[162],"fabricated,":[163],"or":[164],"lack":[165],"proper":[166],"context,":[167],"highlighting":[168],"persistent":[170],"challenge":[171],"verifying":[173],"AI\u2010generated":[174],"citations.":[175],"Overall,":[176],"providing":[181],"correct":[182],"provides":[188],"6%,":[189],"36%,":[190],"45%":[192],"fabricated":[193,210],"delivers":[205],"13%,":[206],"9%,":[207],"7%":[209],"these":[213],"levels.":[214],"work":[216],"emphasizes":[217],"while":[219],"LLMs":[220],"hold":[221],"promise":[222],"supporting":[224],"inquiry":[226],"biopolymers,":[228],"current":[230],"limitations":[231],"response":[233],"citation":[236],"need":[238],"be":[240],"addressed":[241],"before":[242],"they":[243],"can":[244],"serve":[245],"dependable":[247],"tools":[248],"scholarly":[250],"work.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-04-12T00:00:00"}