{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134915613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cplx/7988450","title":"Optimal Control Analysis of Malaria Transmission in the Presence of Insecticide Resistance and Climate Variability in Kenya","display_name":"Optimal Control Analysis of Malaria Transmission in the Presence of Insecticide Resistance and Climate Variability in Kenya","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134915613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cplx/7988450"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/cplx/7988450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cplx/7988450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cplx/7988450","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098665405","display_name":"Lorna Chepkemoi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161372803","display_name":"Strathmore University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dnqw48","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161372803"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168685008","display_name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qegss47","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168685008"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lorna Chepkemoi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mathematical Sciences ,  Strathmore University , P.O. Box 59857-00200,  Nairobi ,  Kenya ,  strathmore.edu","International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) , P.O. Box 30772-00100,  Nairobi ,  Kenya ,  icipe.org"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2018-069X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mathematical Sciences ,  Strathmore University , P.O. Box 59857-00200,  Nairobi ,  Kenya ,  strathmore.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161372803"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) , P.O. Box 30772-00100,  Nairobi ,  Kenya ,  icipe.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168685008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022389612","display_name":"Titus Okello Orwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0849-1663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161372803","display_name":"Strathmore University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dnqw48","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161372803"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Titus Okello Orwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mathematical Sciences ,  Strathmore University , P.O. Box 59857-00200,  Nairobi ,  Kenya ,  strathmore.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0849-1663","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mathematical Sciences ,  Strathmore University , P.O. Box 59857-00200,  Nairobi ,  Kenya ,  strathmore.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161372803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010701609","display_name":"Samuel Mwalili","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9703-6514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161372803","display_name":"Strathmore University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dnqw48","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161372803"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Mwalili","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mathematical Sciences ,  Strathmore University , P.O. Box 59857-00200,  Nairobi ,  Kenya ,  strathmore.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9703-6514","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mathematical Sciences ,  Strathmore University , P.O. Box 59857-00200,  Nairobi ,  Kenya ,  strathmore.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161372803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035710396","display_name":"Rachel Waema Mbogo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1639-1360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161372803","display_name":"Strathmore University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dnqw48","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161372803"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachel Waema Mbogo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mathematical Sciences ,  Strathmore University , P.O. Box 59857-00200,  Nairobi ,  Kenya ,  strathmore.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1639-1360","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mathematical Sciences ,  Strathmore University , P.O. Box 59857-00200,  Nairobi ,  Kenya ,  strathmore.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161372803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026150542","display_name":"Steeven Belvinos Affognon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3302-7926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12859529","display_name":"University of Nairobi","ror":"https://ror.org/02y9nww90","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168685008","display_name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qegss47","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168685008"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steeven Belvinos Affognon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics ,  University of Nairobi , P.O. Box 30197-00100,  Nairobi ,  Kenya ,  uonbi.ac.ke","International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) , P.O. Box 30772-00100,  Nairobi ,  Kenya ,  icipe.org"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3302-7926","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics ,  University of Nairobi , P.O. Box 30197-00100,  Nairobi ,  Kenya ,  uonbi.ac.ke","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) , P.O. Box 30772-00100,  Nairobi ,  Kenya ,  icipe.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168685008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073850374","display_name":"Daisy Salifu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4027-3743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168685008","display_name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qegss47","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168685008"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daisy Salifu","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) , P.O. Box 30772-00100,  Nairobi ,  Kenya ,  icipe.org"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4027-3743","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) , P.O. Box 30772-00100,  Nairobi ,  Kenya ,  icipe.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168685008"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116002590","display_name":"Henri E Z Tonnang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111914","display_name":"International Institute of Tropical Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01a0ymj74","country_code":"KE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286583668","https://openalex.org/I4210111914"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henri E. Z. Tonnang","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) ,  Nairobi ,  Kenya ,  iita.org"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9424-9186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) ,  Nairobi ,  Kenya ,  iita.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111914"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5098665405"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161372803","https://openalex.org/I168685008"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50654732,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2026","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10091","display_name":"Malaria Research and Control","score":0.9815999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10091","display_name":"Malaria Research and Control","score":0.9815999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10166","display_name":"Mosquito-borne diseases and control","score":0.009499999694526196,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10482","display_name":"Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malaria","display_name":"Malaria","score":0.8792999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5758000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insecticide-resistance","display_name":"Insecticide resistance","score":0.5598999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basic-reproduction-number","display_name":"Basic reproduction number","score":0.5051000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anopheles","display_name":"Anopheles","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kenya","display_name":"Kenya","score":0.4401000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vector","display_name":"Vector (molecular biology)","score":0.42329999804496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778048844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12156","display_name":"Malaria","level":2,"score":0.8792999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5758000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992837615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3610615","display_name":"Insecticide resistance","level":2,"score":0.5598999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.5383999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204264503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901464","display_name":"Basic reproduction number","level":3,"score":0.5051000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781375639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158597","display_name":"Anopheles","level":3,"score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187651312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114","display_name":"Kenya","level":2,"score":0.4401000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92087593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427389","display_name":"Vector (molecular biology)","level":4,"score":0.42329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779985137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2003646","display_name":"Mosquito control","level":3,"score":0.3937000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152060993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1759392","display_name":"Vector control","level":4,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.38420000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57473165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315604","display_name":"Resistance (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.3808000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.34279999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.33320000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33070731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218","display_name":"Toxicology","level":1,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.2637999951839447}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/cplx/7988450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cplx/7988450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/cplx/7988450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cplx/7988450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.7699617147445679,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W131268427","https://openalex.org/W1587799944","https://openalex.org/W1966674224","https://openalex.org/W1999122859","https://openalex.org/W2025420995","https://openalex.org/W2028680067","https://openalex.org/W2102798763","https://openalex.org/W2112680994","https://openalex.org/W2137815887","https://openalex.org/W2146610004","https://openalex.org/W2149510454","https://openalex.org/W2171462971","https://openalex.org/W2300019532","https://openalex.org/W2914320274","https://openalex.org/W2947009676","https://openalex.org/W2961201202","https://openalex.org/W3109912901","https://openalex.org/W3137348162","https://openalex.org/W4284692338","https://openalex.org/W4296676383","https://openalex.org/W4311183410","https://openalex.org/W4324362842","https://openalex.org/W4383999114","https://openalex.org/W4387801182","https://openalex.org/W4390061104","https://openalex.org/W4392377204","https://openalex.org/W4394976800","https://openalex.org/W4399243931","https://openalex.org/W4402896331","https://openalex.org/W4404773777","https://openalex.org/W4410424603"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Malaria":[0],"remains":[1],"a":[2,29],"major":[3],"public":[4],"health":[5],"concern":[6],"in":[7,146,177,226],"Kenya,":[8],"where":[9],"changing":[10],"climatic":[11,108],"conditions,":[12],"insecticide":[13,38,100,130],"resistance,":[14,39],"and":[15,27,40,72,88,119,151,163,167,208,214],"mosquito":[16,36],"behavioral":[17],"adaptations":[18],"continue":[19],"to":[20,44,92,192,222],"challenge":[21],"control":[22,47,156,224],"efforts.":[23],"This":[24],"study":[25],"develops":[26],"analyzes":[28],"climate\u2010sensitive":[30],"malaria":[31,137,178,212],"transmission":[32,94,124],"model":[33],"that":[34,105,128],"incorporates":[35],"behavior,":[37,205],"vector\u2013human":[41],"ecological":[42],"dynamics":[43,210],"identify":[45],"optimal":[46,155],"strategies":[48,221],"for":[49,111],"the":[50,58,68,73,117,200,216],"Kenyan":[51],"context.":[52],"The":[53,173],"model\u2019s":[54],"well\u2010posedness":[55],"was":[56,84,165,180],"established,":[57],"basic":[59],"reproduction":[60],"number":[61],"(":[62,140],"R":[63,82,147],"0":[64,83,148],")":[65],"computed":[66],"using":[67,86,169],"next\u2010generation":[69],"matrix":[70],"method,":[71],"stability":[74],"of":[75,81,116,202,218],"equilibrium":[76],"points":[77],"assessed.":[78],"Spatial":[79],"analysis":[80],"performed":[85],"temperature":[87],"rainfall":[89],"raster":[90],"data":[91],"map":[93],"risk":[95],"across":[96],"Kenya":[97],"under":[98],"varying":[99],"use":[101,131,217],"scenarios.":[102],"Results":[103],"indicate":[104],"regions":[106],"with":[107,189],"conditions":[109],"favorable":[110],"vector":[112,204],"survival,":[113],"particularly":[114],"parts":[115],"Eastern":[118],"Western":[120],"regions,":[121],"experience":[122],"higher":[123],"intensity.":[125],"Simulations":[126],"show":[127],"while":[129],"(deltamethrin":[132],"or":[133],"permethrin)":[134],"substantially":[135],"reduces":[136],"prevalence,":[138],"resistance":[139,209],"\u03b4":[141],"v":[142],"=":[143],"0)":[144],"results":[145],">":[149],"1":[150],"sustained":[152],"transmission.":[153],"An":[154],"problem":[157],"incorporating":[158],"personal":[159],"protection,":[160],"antimalarial":[161],"treatment,":[162],"vaccination":[164],"formulated":[166],"solved":[168],"Pontryagin\u2019s":[170],"Maximum":[171],"Principle.":[172],"most":[174],"effective":[175],"reduction":[176],"prevalence":[179],"achieved":[181],"when":[182],"all":[183],"three":[184],"interventions":[185],"were":[186],"applied":[187],"simultaneously,":[188],"infections":[190],"declining":[191],"zero":[193],"within":[194],"10":[195],"days.":[196],"These":[197],"findings":[198],"highlight":[199],"importance":[201],"integrating":[203],"climate":[206],"variability,":[207],"into":[211],"models":[213],"support":[215],"combined":[219],"intervention":[220],"enhance":[223],"efforts":[225],"Kenya.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-03-12T00:00:00"}