{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408885934","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/acis/9975499","title":"Machine Learning\u2013Based Approach for Early Screening of Autism Spectrum Disorders","display_name":"Machine Learning\u2013Based Approach for Early Screening of Autism Spectrum Disorders","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408885934","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/acis/9975499"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/acis/9975499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/acis/9975499","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/acis/9975499","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30680879","display_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","issn_l":"1687-9724","issn":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/acis/9975499","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116816580","display_name":"Usama Jabbar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100043","display_name":"Superior University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yh88643","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100043"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Usama Jabbar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science ,  Superior University ,  Lahore ,  54000 ,  Pakistan , superior.edu.pk"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7098-132X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science ,  Superior University ,  Lahore ,  54000 ,  Pakistan , superior.edu.pk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101874727","display_name":"Muhammad Waseem Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-5904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100043","display_name":"Superior University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yh88643","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100043"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Waseem Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering ,  Superior University ,  Lahore ,  54000 ,  Pakistan , superior.edu.pk"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-5904","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering ,  Superior University ,  Lahore ,  54000 ,  Pakistan , superior.edu.pk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038089287","display_name":"Abdullah Alourani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6794-3677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156216236","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Alourani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management Information Systems ,  College of Business and Economics ,  Qassim University ,  Buraydah ,  51452 ,  Saudi Arabia , qu.edu.sa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6794-3677","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management Information Systems ,  College of Business and Economics ,  Qassim University ,  Buraydah ,  51452 ,  Saudi Arabia , qu.edu.sa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090120605","display_name":"Khlood Shinan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4299-5208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khlood Shinan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computers ,  College of Engineering and Computers in Al-Lith ,  Umm Al-Qura University ,  Makkah ,  Saudi Arabia , uqu.edu.sa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4299-5208","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computers ,  College of Engineering and Computers in Al-Lith ,  Umm Al-Qura University ,  Makkah ,  Saudi Arabia , uqu.edu.sa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034670967","display_name":"Fatmah Alanazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2073-9576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I240666556","display_name":"Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxjyb39","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatmah Alanazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department ,  College of Computer and Information Sciences ,  Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) ,  Riyadh ,  11432 ,  Saudi Arabia , imamu.edu.sa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2073-9576","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department ,  College of Computer and Information Sciences ,  Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) ,  Riyadh ,  11432 ,  Saudi Arabia , imamu.edu.sa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002558255","display_name":"Nadeem Sarwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8681-6382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59225215","display_name":"Bahria University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v8d7770","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nadeem Sarwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science ,  Bahria University , Lahore Campus,  Lahore ,  Pakistan , bahria.edu.pk"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8681-6382","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science ,  Bahria University , Lahore Campus,  Lahore ,  Pakistan , bahria.edu.pk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102502662","display_name":"Meisam Ashraf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2527-7721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126226","display_name":"The Women University Multan","ror":"https://ror.org/035ggvj17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126226"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Usman Ashraf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science ,  GC Women University ,  Sialkot ,  Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2527-7721","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science ,  GC Women University ,  Sialkot ,  Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126226"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002558255"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"],"apc_list":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"apc_paid":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"fwci":5.2128,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95236582,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2025","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10106","display_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10106","display_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11772","display_name":"Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders","score":0.9434000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8219498991966248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autism","display_name":"Autism","score":0.6603554487228394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autism-spectrum-disorder","display_name":"Autism spectrum disorder","score":0.45463910698890686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45012569427490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4065322279930115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35928356647491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry","display_name":"Psychiatry","score":0.20511934161186218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.15950411558151245}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8219498991966248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205778803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38404","display_name":"Autism","level":2,"score":0.6603554487228394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778538070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436063","display_name":"Autism spectrum disorder","level":3,"score":0.45463910698890686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45012569427490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4065322279930115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35928356647491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.20511934161186218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.15950411558151245}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/acis/9975499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/acis/9975499","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/acis/9975499","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30680879","display_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","issn_l":"1687-9724","issn":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:832272c7288a4043b85b21b0dd9eb81b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/832272c7288a4043b85b21b0dd9eb81b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing, Vol 2025 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/acis/9975499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/acis/9975499","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/acis/9975499","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30680879","display_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","issn_l":"1687-9724","issn":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2058793769","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"QU-APC-2024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324403","funder_display_name":"Qassim University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5120360896","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"QU-APC-2024-9/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324403","funder_display_name":"Qassim University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324403","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408885934.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528741131","https://openalex.org/W2045685497","https://openalex.org/W2055554924","https://openalex.org/W2076237214","https://openalex.org/W2122780702","https://openalex.org/W2142745778","https://openalex.org/W2149772057","https://openalex.org/W2295327890","https://openalex.org/W2735913953","https://openalex.org/W2736661778","https://openalex.org/W2751527031","https://openalex.org/W2752558629","https://openalex.org/W2790725217","https://openalex.org/W2892661219","https://openalex.org/W2911909162","https://openalex.org/W2914108393","https://openalex.org/W2940216078","https://openalex.org/W2944162469","https://openalex.org/W2987014311","https://openalex.org/W2989345584","https://openalex.org/W2997804355","https://openalex.org/W3000196465","https://openalex.org/W3004998090","https://openalex.org/W3016568881","https://openalex.org/W3112948313","https://openalex.org/W3139285331","https://openalex.org/W3184737574","https://openalex.org/W3197529941","https://openalex.org/W3201266848","https://openalex.org/W4205880200","https://openalex.org/W4211154867","https://openalex.org/W4212886747","https://openalex.org/W4220879746","https://openalex.org/W4280653631","https://openalex.org/W4312402856","https://openalex.org/W4313826373","https://openalex.org/W4318215317","https://openalex.org/W4318832363","https://openalex.org/W4367624022","https://openalex.org/W4372218522","https://openalex.org/W4382585365","https://openalex.org/W4392344936","https://openalex.org/W4392864551"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"neurodevelopmental":[1],"illness":[2],"called":[3],"autism":[4,27,81,93,105,221],"spectrum":[5],"disorder":[6],"(ASD)":[7],"is":[8],"frequently":[9],"associated":[10],"with":[11,26,146,250],"sensory":[12],"problems":[13],"including":[14],"an":[15,192],"excessive":[16],"or":[17,23,51],"insufficient":[18],"sensitivity":[19],"to":[20,35,91],"noises,":[21],"scents,":[22],"touch.":[24],"Children":[25],"typically":[28],"do":[29],"not":[30],"talk":[31],"much":[32],"and":[33,45,59,89,108,111,129,143,162,180,186],"keep":[34],"themselves,":[36],"but":[37],"they":[38],"can":[39,61,102,214,239],"imitate":[40],"certain":[41],"actions":[42],"from":[43],"cartoons":[44],"movies.":[46],"They":[47],"may":[48],"exhibit":[49],"unsafe":[50],"unexpected":[52],"behavior":[53],"as":[54,159],"a":[55,72,117,147],"result.":[56],"Early":[57],"detection":[58],"therapy":[60],"assist":[62],"in":[63,94,217,222,236],"improving":[64],"the":[65,80,95,163,167,174,183,197,211,218,230,256,261],"diseases.":[66],"In":[67,248],"this":[68,237],"study,":[69],"we":[70,133],"suggested":[71,262],"data\u2010driven":[73],"machine":[74],"learning":[75],"(ML)":[76],"model":[77,101],"for":[78,182,196,255],"examining":[79],"dataset":[82],"of":[83,177,194,210,220,224,259],"diverse":[84],"age":[85],"groups":[86],"(toddlers,":[87],"children,":[88],"adults)":[90],"classify":[92,110],"initial":[96],"stage.":[97],"The":[98],"proposed":[99],"ML":[100,137,212],"efficiently":[103],"analyze":[104],"patients\u2019":[106],"datasets":[107,188],"correctly":[109],"detect":[112],"ASD":[113,246],"features.":[114],"We":[115,151,227],"utilized":[116],"data":[118],"preprocessing":[119],"technique":[120],"followed":[121],"by":[122],"feature":[123,232],"selection":[124],"methods":[125,252],"using":[126,155],"information":[127],"gain":[128],"Pearson":[130],"correlation.":[131],"Then,":[132],"employed":[134],"five":[135],"different":[136,170],"classifiers":[138],"(KNN,":[139],"RF,":[140],"SVM,":[141],"NB,":[142],"MLP)":[144],"together":[145],"hyperparameter":[148],"optimization":[149],"strategy.":[150],"assess":[152],"their":[153],"work":[154],"performance":[156],"metrics":[157],"such":[158],"prediction":[160],"accuracy":[161,168,193],"F1\u2010measure.":[164],"After":[165],"comparing":[166],"between":[169],"classifiers,":[171],"SVM":[172],"produced":[173,191],"highest":[175],"accuracies":[176],"98%,":[178],"99%,":[179],"100%":[181],"toddler,":[184],"child,":[185],"adult":[187],"while":[189],"MLP":[190],"0.94":[195],"Pakistani":[198],"child":[199],"dataset,":[200],"respectively.":[201],"These":[202],"thorough":[203,231],"experimental":[204],"assessments":[205],"suggest":[206],"that":[207,229],"correct":[208],"fine\u2010tuning":[209],"techniques":[213],"be":[215],"crucial":[216],"classification":[219],"individuals":[223],"various":[225],"ages.":[226],"believe":[228],"significance":[233],"analysis":[234],"presented":[235],"study":[238],"guide":[240],"medical":[241],"professionals\u2019":[242],"judgment":[243],"when":[244],"screening":[245],"individuals.":[247],"comparison":[249],"other":[251],"currently":[253],"used":[254],"timely":[257],"identification":[258],"ASD,":[260],"framework":[263],"has":[264],"shown":[265],"encouraging":[266],"results.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-15T08:34:33.830935","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
