{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409956710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/acis/4728280","title":"A Sentence\u2010Level Encoder\u2013Decoder Architecture for Designing an Administrative Roman Urdu Chatbot","display_name":"A Sentence\u2010Level Encoder\u2013Decoder Architecture for Designing an Administrative Roman Urdu Chatbot","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409956710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/acis/4728280"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/acis/4728280","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/acis/4728280","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/acis/4728280","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30680879","display_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","issn_l":"1687-9724","issn":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/acis/4728280","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112839795","display_name":"Mishal Maqbool","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2087-5114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089805","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":null,"country_code":"PK","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089805"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Nazam Maqbool","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence ,  University of Management & Technology ,  Lahore ,  Pakistan ,  umt.edu.pk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence ,  University of Management & Technology ,  Lahore ,  Pakistan ,  umt.edu.pk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089805"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103253559","display_name":"Rana Muhammad Saleem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8653-9135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61623833","display_name":"University of Agriculture Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/054d77k59","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61623833"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rana Muhammad Saleem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science ,  University of Agriculture Faisalabad , Sub Campus Burewala,  Burewala ,  Pakistan ,  uaf.edu.pk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science ,  University of Agriculture Faisalabad , Sub Campus Burewala,  Burewala ,  Pakistan ,  uaf.edu.pk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61623833"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002558255","display_name":"Nadeem Sarwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8681-6382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59225215","display_name":"Bahria University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v8d7770","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nadeem Sarwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science ,  Bahria University Lahore Campus ,  Lahore ,  Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8681-6382","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science ,  Bahria University Lahore Campus ,  Lahore ,  Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016275117","display_name":"Muhammad Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5088-9571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174731842","display_name":"Islamia University of Bahawalpur","ror":"https://ror.org/002rc4w13","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science ,  The Islamia University of Bahawalpur ,  Bahawalpur ,  Pakistan ,  iub.edu.pk"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5088-9571","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science ,  The Islamia University of Bahawalpur ,  Bahawalpur ,  Pakistan ,  iub.edu.pk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101708533","display_name":"Muhammad Shadab Alam Hashmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4631-3446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102737","display_name":"Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0161dyt30","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shadab Alam Hashmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science ,  Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology ,  Rahim Yar Khan ,  Pakistan ,  kfueit.edu.pk"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4631-3446","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science ,  Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology ,  Rahim Yar Khan ,  Pakistan ,  kfueit.edu.pk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002558255"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"],"apc_list":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"apc_paid":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03772695,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2025","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9768000245094299,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9700999855995178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8543174266815186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbot","display_name":"Chatbot","score":0.7797776460647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.6367372274398804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6287469267845154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5761836171150208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urdu","display_name":"Urdu","score":0.4938526749610901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.43610838055610657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3431796431541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.13393574953079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.13014432787895203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.07560160756111145}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8543174266815186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.7797776460647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.6367372274398804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6287469267845154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5761836171150208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777350258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617","display_name":"Urdu","level":2,"score":0.4938526749610901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.43610838055610657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3431796431541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.13393574953079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.13014432787895203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.07560160756111145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/acis/4728280","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/acis/4728280","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/acis/4728280","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30680879","display_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","issn_l":"1687-9724","issn":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b11d0cac4f2d4ad1ba4878b34f4b4152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b11d0cac4f2d4ad1ba4878b34f4b4152","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing, Vol 2025 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/acis/4728280","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/acis/4728280","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/acis/4728280","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30680879","display_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","issn_l":"1687-9724","issn":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409956710.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409956710.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013164621","https://openalex.org/W2145482038","https://openalex.org/W2165557662","https://openalex.org/W2184456630","https://openalex.org/W2318994447","https://openalex.org/W2734714923","https://openalex.org/W2924317395","https://openalex.org/W2941540847","https://openalex.org/W2944069152","https://openalex.org/W2963903950","https://openalex.org/W2964309167","https://openalex.org/W2971921133","https://openalex.org/W2983226057","https://openalex.org/W2995608606","https://openalex.org/W2998563994","https://openalex.org/W3014937625","https://openalex.org/W3048922236","https://openalex.org/W3082126497","https://openalex.org/W3103891289","https://openalex.org/W3104405162","https://openalex.org/W3139433464","https://openalex.org/W3193034270","https://openalex.org/W3202285719","https://openalex.org/W3208401146","https://openalex.org/W4200004082","https://openalex.org/W4210598757","https://openalex.org/W4284991798","https://openalex.org/W4292857180","https://openalex.org/W4317437684","https://openalex.org/W4319440682","https://openalex.org/W4388460483","https://openalex.org/W6601893370","https://openalex.org/W6782359318"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4383501580","https://openalex.org/W4214931137","https://openalex.org/W4313813117","https://openalex.org/W4382052417","https://openalex.org/W3192088754","https://openalex.org/W4387007686","https://openalex.org/W1588484110","https://openalex.org/W3084631705","https://openalex.org/W1566901819","https://openalex.org/W3176146353"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"research":[1,112,265],"focuses":[2],"on":[3],"developing":[4],"an":[5,114],"intelligent":[6,115],"administrative":[7,116,212],"chatbot":[8,29,32,48,81,117,142,162,185,273],"for":[9,120],"Roman":[10,121,123,153,230],"Urdu":[11,124,231],"to":[12,50,66,108,145,157,169,175,259,267],"overcome":[13],"the":[14,43,77,100,126,131,137,183,187,203,215,239,250,256,269],"language":[15,133,270],"barrier":[16],"that":[17],"hinders":[18],"individuals":[19],"who":[20],"are":[21],"not":[22],"fluent":[23],"in":[24,84,90,104,149,224,272],"English":[25,138,151,225],"from":[26,210],"utilizing":[27],"existing":[28,80],"frameworks.":[30],"While":[31],"architectures":[33],"can":[34],"be":[35],"rule":[36],"based":[37],"or":[38,152],"artificial":[39],"intelligence":[40],"(AI)":[41],"based,":[42],"core":[44,179],"objective":[45],"of":[46,79,99,128,134,182,217,238,255],"a":[47,88,96,165,205,245],"is":[49,83,102,125,186],"effectively":[51],"address":[52],"user":[53,176],"queries":[54],"across":[55],"diverse":[56],"domains.":[57],"AI\u2010based":[58],"chatbots":[59],"have":[60],"demonstrated":[61],"higher":[62],"interactivity,":[63],"scalability,":[64],"adaptability":[65],"human":[67,246],"interests,":[68],"and":[69,172,219,226,253,277],"evolving":[70],"knowledge":[71],"compared":[72],"with":[73,195],"rule\u2010based":[74],"architectures.":[75],"However,":[76],"majority":[78],"frameworks":[82],"English,":[85],"which":[86],"poses":[87],"challenge":[89],"regions":[91],"like":[92],"Pakistan":[93],"where":[94],"only":[95],"small":[97],"percentage":[98],"population":[101],"proficient":[103],"English.":[105],"In":[106,262],"response":[107],"this":[109,111,264],"challenge,":[110],"introduces":[113],"specifically":[118],"developed":[119],"Urdu.":[122],"practice":[127],"writing":[129,234],"Urdu,":[130,154],"native":[132],"Pakistan,":[135],"using":[136,232],"alphabet.":[139],"The":[140,161,178,236],"proposed":[141,184,240],"allows":[143],"students":[144],"post":[146],"their":[147],"questions":[148],"either":[150],"enabling":[155],"them":[156],"obtain":[158],"conclusive":[159],"answers.":[160],"system":[163,241],"utilizes":[164],"sentence":[166],"analysis":[167],"approach":[168],"generate":[170],"relevant":[171,260],"productive":[173],"responses":[174,258],"queries.":[177],"building":[180],"block":[181],"recurrent":[188],"neural":[189],"networks":[190],"(RNNs)":[191],"sequence\u2010to\u2010sequence":[192],"(Seq2Seq)":[193],"model":[194],"long":[196],"short\u2010term":[197],"memory":[198],"(LSTM)":[199],"units.":[200],"To":[201],"train":[202],"model,":[204],"dataset":[206],"was":[207,242],"meticulously":[208],"collected":[209],"various":[211],"offices":[213],"at":[214],"University":[216],"Engineering":[218],"Technology":[220],"(UET),":[221],"Lahore,":[222],"initially":[223],"subsequently":[227],"translated":[228],"into":[229],"different":[233],"styles.":[235],"effectiveness":[237],"evaluated":[243],"through":[244],"judgment":[247],"approach,":[248],"assessing":[249],"contextual":[251],"relevance":[252],"productivity":[254],"chatbot\u2019s":[257],"questions.":[261],"conclusion,":[263],"aims":[266],"bridge":[268],"gap":[271],"frameworks,":[274],"enhancing":[275],"accessibility":[276],"usability.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}