{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417483968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/acis/3424976","title":"Proximity\u2010Constrained Counterfactuals for Explainable Diabetes Risk Assessment","display_name":"Proximity\u2010Constrained Counterfactuals for Explainable Diabetes Risk Assessment","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417483968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/acis/3424976"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/acis/3424976","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/acis/3424976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30680879","display_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","issn_l":"1687-9724","issn":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/acis/3424976","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000519641","display_name":"Md Faisal Kabir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6088-9487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153151563","display_name":"Harrisburg University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02g0s4z48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153151563"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096614","display_name":"Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcqs978","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md Faisal Kabir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science ,  Pennsylvania State University Harrisburg ,  Harrisburg , Pennsylvania,  USA ,  psu.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6088-9487","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science ,  Pennsylvania State University Harrisburg ,  Harrisburg , Pennsylvania,  USA ,  psu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153151563","https://openalex.org/I4210096614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022597375","display_name":"Abhishek Mandar Mahakal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153151563","display_name":"Harrisburg University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02g0s4z48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153151563"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096614","display_name":"Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcqs978","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhishek Mandar Mahakal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science ,  Pennsylvania State University Harrisburg ,  Harrisburg , Pennsylvania,  USA ,  psu.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science ,  Pennsylvania State University Harrisburg ,  Harrisburg , Pennsylvania,  USA ,  psu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153151563","https://openalex.org/I4210096614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004314911","display_name":"Yu-Cheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4339-1665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153151563","display_name":"Harrisburg University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02g0s4z48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153151563"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096614","display_name":"Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcqs978","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yucheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science ,  Pennsylvania State University Harrisburg ,  Harrisburg , Pennsylvania,  USA ,  psu.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science ,  Pennsylvania State University Harrisburg ,  Harrisburg , Pennsylvania,  USA ,  psu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153151563","https://openalex.org/I4210096614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018319301","display_name":"Anas Alsobeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1506-7924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110378019","display_name":"Southern Illinois University Carbondale","ror":"https://ror.org/049kefs16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110378019","https://openalex.org/I2801502357"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85507684","display_name":"Yarmouk University","ror":"https://ror.org/004mbaj56","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"]}],"countries":["JO","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anas AlSobeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology and Computer Science ,  Yarmouk University ,  Irbid ,  Jordan ,  yu.edu.jo","Information Technology ,  Southern Illinois University Carbondale ,  Carbondale , Illinois,  USA ,  siuc.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1506-7924","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology and Computer Science ,  Yarmouk University ,  Irbid ,  Jordan ,  yu.edu.jo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology ,  Southern Illinois University Carbondale ,  Carbondale , Illinois,  USA ,  siuc.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110378019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062333606","display_name":"Bilal Al\u2010Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1267-1026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114972647","display_name":"University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/05k89ew48","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199440890","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}],"countries":["AE","JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bilal Al\u2010Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Information Systems ,  The University of Jordan ,  Amman ,  Jordan ,  ju.edu.jo","Department of Computer Science and Engineering ,  College of Engineering ,  American University of Sharjah ,  Sharjah ,  UAE ,  aus.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Information Systems ,  The University of Jordan ,  Amman ,  Jordan ,  ju.edu.jo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering ,  College of Engineering ,  American University of Sharjah ,  Sharjah ,  UAE ,  aus.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022163394","display_name":"Rami S. Alkhawaldeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2413-7074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114972647","display_name":"University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/05k89ew48","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145880","display_name":"Sultan Qaboos University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/049xx5c95","country_code":"OM","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145880"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47818738","display_name":"Sultan Qaboos University","ror":"https://ror.org/04wq8zb47","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47818738"]}],"countries":["JO","OM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rami S. Alkhawaldah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Information Systems ,  The University of Jordan ,  Amman ,  Jordan ,  ju.edu.jo","Information Systems Department ,  Sultan Qaboos University ,  Muscat ,  Oman ,  squ.edu.om"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2413-7074","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Information Systems ,  The University of Jordan ,  Amman ,  Jordan ,  ju.edu.jo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Department ,  Sultan Qaboos University ,  Muscat ,  Oman ,  squ.edu.om","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47818738","https://openalex.org/I4210145880"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000519641"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153151563","https://openalex.org/I4210096614"],"apc_list":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"apc_paid":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2090576,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2025","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.8009999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.8009999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.05649999901652336,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.026000000536441803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-conditional","display_name":"Counterfactual conditional","score":0.9692000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.9513000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.6365000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"Risk assessment","score":0.5322999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factor","display_name":"Risk factor","score":0.2854999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71889745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783264","display_name":"Counterfactual conditional","level":3,"score":0.9692000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.9513000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.6365000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6061999797821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.5322999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47940000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.45350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.30959999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/acis/3424976","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/acis/3424976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30680879","display_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","issn_l":"1687-9724","issn":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/acis/3424976","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/acis/3424976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30680879","display_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","issn_l":"1687-9724","issn":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901616594","https://openalex.org/W1996796871","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2788403449","https://openalex.org/W2913052527","https://openalex.org/W2945295328","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2966362896","https://openalex.org/W2973319951","https://openalex.org/W2994120362","https://openalex.org/W2994490118","https://openalex.org/W3146764839","https://openalex.org/W3202810143","https://openalex.org/W4245195603","https://openalex.org/W4285138359","https://openalex.org/W4310066656","https://openalex.org/W4313648826","https://openalex.org/W4386162676","https://openalex.org/W4391808470","https://openalex.org/W4392545700","https://openalex.org/W4396814995","https://openalex.org/W4398184193"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,8,52,75,91,107,132],"era":[2],"of":[3,11,77,135],"widespread":[4],"machine":[5,167],"learning":[6,168],"models,":[7],"opaque":[9],"nature":[10],"their":[12,126],"decision\u2010making":[13],"processes":[14],"poses":[15],"significant":[16],"risks,":[17],"especially":[18],"in":[19,166],"critical":[20],"domains":[21],"like":[22],"healthcare.":[23],"This":[24,49],"paper":[25],"aims":[26],"to":[27,45,64,100,106,118,161],"support":[28],"nondiabetic":[29],"individuals":[30,117],"by":[31,59,96],"helping":[32],"them":[33,44],"understand":[34],"potential":[35],"risk":[36,172],"factors":[37],"associated":[38],"with":[39],"developing":[40],"diabetes,":[41],"thereby":[42],"enabling":[43,116],"take":[46],"preventive":[47],"measures.":[48],"study":[50],"highlights":[51],"crucial":[53],"need":[54],"for":[55,68,152,170],"explainable":[56],"artificial":[57],"intelligence":[58],"presenting":[60],"a":[61,153],"pragmatic":[62],"approach":[63,159],"generate":[65],"proximity\u2010constrained":[66],"counterfactuals":[67,112],"assessing":[69],"diabetic":[70,171],"risk.":[71,128],"By":[72],"synergistically":[73],"combining":[74],"capabilities":[76],"Local":[78],"Interpretable":[79],"Model\u2010Agnostic":[80],"Explanations":[81],"and":[82,123,141,148,164,176],"Diverse":[83],"Counterfactual":[84],"Explanations,":[85],"our":[86],"methodology":[87],"focuses":[88],"on":[89],"perturbing":[90],"most":[92],"influential":[93],"features":[94],"identified":[95],"different":[97],"AI":[98],"explainers":[99],"reverse":[101],"decisions":[102],"while":[103],"maintaining":[104],"proximity":[105],"decision":[108],"boundary.":[109],"The":[110,157],"resulting":[111],"offer":[113],"actionable":[114,177],"insights,":[115],"actively":[119],"manage":[120],"lifestyle":[121],"choices":[122],"potentially":[124],"reduce":[125],"diabetes":[127],"Our":[129],"findings":[130],"demonstrate":[131],"effective":[133],"implementation":[134],"this":[136],"strategy,":[137],"underscoring":[138],"its":[139],"practicality":[140],"user\u2010oriented":[142],"decision\u2010support":[143],"capabilities.":[144],"It":[145],"addresses":[146],"constraints":[147],"integrates":[149],"human":[150],"assessments":[151],"more":[154],"comprehensive":[155],"evaluation.":[156],"proposed":[158],"contributes":[160],"enhancing":[162],"trust":[163],"transparency":[165],"models":[169],"prediction":[173],"through":[174],"interpretable":[175],"counterfactual":[178],"explanations.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T01:58:51.020947","created_date":"2025-12-19T00:00:00"}