{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403694481","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8889330","title":"Examining Emotional Reactions to the COVID\u201019 Crisis Through Twitter Data Analysis: A Comparative Study of Classification Techniques","display_name":"Examining Emotional Reactions to the COVID\u201019 Crisis Through Twitter Data Analysis: A Comparative Study of Classification Techniques","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403694481","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8889330"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2024/8889330","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8889330","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/2024/8889330","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30680879","display_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","issn_l":"1687-9724","issn":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/2024/8889330","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113739177","display_name":"Saira Yaqub","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saira Yaqub","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science ,  University of Engineering and Technology ,  Lahore ,  Pakistan ,  uet.edu.pk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science ,  University of Engineering and Technology ,  Lahore ,  Pakistan ,  uet.edu.pk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023240755","display_name":"Muhammad Shoaib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0051-6803"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shoaib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science ,  University of Engineering and Technology ,  Lahore ,  Pakistan ,  uet.edu.pk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science ,  University of Engineering and Technology ,  Lahore ,  Pakistan ,  uet.edu.pk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017674541","display_name":"Abdul Jaleel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0886-7819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Jaleel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science (RCET, GRW) ,  UET ,  Lahore ,  Pakistan ,  uet.edu.pk"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0886-7819","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science (RCET, GRW) ,  UET ,  Lahore ,  Pakistan ,  uet.edu.pk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051481734","display_name":"Syed Khaldoon Khurshid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1818-9115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Khaldoon Khurshid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science ,  University of Engineering and Technology ,  Lahore ,  Pakistan ,  uet.edu.pk"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1818-9115","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science ,  University of Engineering and Technology ,  Lahore ,  Pakistan ,  uet.edu.pk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112227840","display_name":"Shazia Arshad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shazia Arshad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science ,  University of Engineering and Technology ,  Lahore ,  Pakistan ,  uet.edu.pk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science ,  University of Engineering and Technology ,  Lahore ,  Pakistan ,  uet.edu.pk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031112688","display_name":"Riaz Ahmad Ziar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1831-5487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131024953","display_name":"Kardan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04vts6h49","country_code":"AF","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131024953"]}],"countries":["AF"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Riaz Ahmad Ziar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science ,  Kardan University ,  Kabul ,  1007 ,  Afghanistan ,  kardan.edu.af"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1831-5487","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science ,  Kardan University ,  Kabul ,  1007 ,  Afghanistan ,  kardan.edu.af","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131024953"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031112688"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131024953"],"apc_list":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"apc_paid":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"fwci":2.0543,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8965273,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2024","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.7683611512184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6594124436378479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2019-20-coronavirus-outbreak","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","score":0.5041426420211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.4401256740093231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.4396418631076813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.362848162651062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2670399248600006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.12142902612686157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.11667099595069885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.7683611512184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6594124436378479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.5041426420211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.4401256740093231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.4396418631076813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.362848162651062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2670399248600006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12142902612686157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.11667099595069885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2024/8889330","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8889330","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/2024/8889330","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30680879","display_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","issn_l":"1687-9724","issn":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0db14f451d9c4948971ba1d96aef492e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0db14f451d9c4948971ba1d96aef492e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing, Vol 2024 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2024/8889330","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8889330","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/2024/8889330","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30680879","display_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","issn_l":"1687-9724","issn":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403694481.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2460585769","https://openalex.org/W2913634295","https://openalex.org/W2963403337","https://openalex.org/W3001118548","https://openalex.org/W3008401431","https://openalex.org/W3014725478","https://openalex.org/W3016807395","https://openalex.org/W3017117984","https://openalex.org/W3023519397","https://openalex.org/W3023617420","https://openalex.org/W3032994313","https://openalex.org/W3033606965","https://openalex.org/W3043013845","https://openalex.org/W3070886816","https://openalex.org/W3083835905","https://openalex.org/W3088352144","https://openalex.org/W3089349608","https://openalex.org/W3090154305","https://openalex.org/W3092832725","https://openalex.org/W3104810384","https://openalex.org/W3111156949","https://openalex.org/W3119464161","https://openalex.org/W3120939265","https://openalex.org/W3125109287","https://openalex.org/W3131326546","https://openalex.org/W3160554854","https://openalex.org/W3175418076","https://openalex.org/W3176189029","https://openalex.org/W3210829726","https://openalex.org/W4200074907","https://openalex.org/W4206526337","https://openalex.org/W4221101703","https://openalex.org/W4282843556","https://openalex.org/W4293385784","https://openalex.org/W4366134915","https://openalex.org/W4367627374"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3036314732","https://openalex.org/W3009669391","https://openalex.org/W3176864053","https://openalex.org/W4206669628","https://openalex.org/W3171943759","https://openalex.org/W4292098121","https://openalex.org/W3154141118","https://openalex.org/W4388896133","https://openalex.org/W3031607536","https://openalex.org/W4205317059"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"COVID\u201019":[0,87,157],"has":[1,36,44,178],"significantly":[2],"impacted":[3],"peoples\u2019":[4],"mental":[5,67,224],"health":[6,225],"because":[7],"of":[8,19,153,194,212,219,244],"isolation":[9],"and":[10,23,52,59,88,93,110,116,140,146,168,198,215,236],"social":[11],"distancing":[12],"measures.":[13],"It":[14],"practically":[15],"impacts":[16],"every":[17],"segment":[18],"people\u2019s":[20],"daily":[21],"lives":[22],"causes":[24],"a":[25,119],"medical":[26],"problem":[27],"that":[28,176,187],"spreads":[29],"throughout":[30],"the":[31,48,64,80,91,96,107,111,156,171,201,209,213,217,241,245],"entire":[32],"world.":[33],"This":[34,69,204],"pandemic":[35,214],"caused":[37],"an":[38],"increased":[39],"emotional":[40,61,151,210,242],"distress.":[41],"Since":[42],"everyone":[43],"been":[45],"affected":[46],"by":[47],"epidemic":[49],"physically,":[50],"emotionally,":[51],"financially,":[53],"it":[54],"is":[55],"crucial":[56],"to":[57,74,143,155,232,239],"examine":[58],"comprehend":[60],"reactions":[62,152],"as":[63,170],"crisis":[65,158],"affects":[66],"health.":[68],"study":[70,205],"uses":[71],"Twitter":[72,84,112,220],"data":[73,85,103,221],"understand":[75],"what":[76],"people":[77,189],"feel":[78],"during":[79],"pandemic.":[81,246],"We":[82,124,162],"collected":[83,105],"about":[86],"isolation,":[89],"preprocessed":[90],"text,":[92],"then":[94,160],"classified":[95],"tweets":[97],"into":[98,208],"various":[99,191],"emotion":[100],"classes.":[101],"The":[102,150],"are":[104,159],"using":[106,118],"twarc":[108],"library":[109],"academic":[113],"researcher":[114],"account":[115],"labeled":[117],"Vader":[120],"analyzer":[121],"after":[122],"preprocessing.":[123],"trained":[125],"five":[126],"machine":[127,133],"learning":[128],"models,":[129],"namely,":[130],"support":[131,237],"vector":[132],"(SVM),":[134],"Na\u00efve":[135],"Bayes,":[136],"KNN,":[137],"decision":[138],"tree,":[139],"logistic":[141],"regression":[142],"find":[144],"patterns":[145],"trends":[147],"in":[148,222],"emotions.":[149],"individuals":[154],"analyzed.":[161],"applied":[163],"precision,":[164],"recall,":[165],"F":[166],"1\u2010score,":[167],"accuracy":[169],"evaluation":[172],"metrics,":[173],"which":[174],"shows":[175,216],"SVM":[177],"performed":[179],"best":[180],"among":[181],"other":[182],"models.":[183],"Our":[184,227],"results":[185],"show":[186],"isolated":[188],"felt":[190],"emotions,":[192],"out":[193],"which,":[195],"fear,":[196],"sadness,":[197],"surprise":[199],"were":[200],"most":[202],"common.":[203],"gives":[206],"insights":[207],"impact":[211],"power":[218],"understanding":[223],"outcomes.":[226],"findings":[228],"can":[229],"be":[230],"used":[231],"develop":[233],"targeted":[234],"interventions":[235],"strategies":[238],"address":[240],"toll":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}