{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401926348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8683822","title":"Protein Sequence\u2010Based COVID\u201019 Detection: A Comparative Study of Machine Learning Classification Methods","display_name":"Protein Sequence\u2010Based COVID\u201019 Detection: A Comparative Study of Machine Learning Classification Methods","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401926348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8683822"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2024/8683822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8683822","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/2024/8683822","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S174662166","display_name":"Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","issn_l":"2090-0147","issn":["2090-0147","2090-0155"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/2024/8683822","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038002912","display_name":"Siti Aminah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29617571","display_name":"University of Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/0116zj450","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29617571"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Siti Aminah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics ,  Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences ,  Universitas Indonesia ,  Depok ,  16424 ,  Indonesia ,  ui.ac.id"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9650-7540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics ,  Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences ,  Universitas Indonesia ,  Depok ,  16424 ,  Indonesia ,  ui.ac.id","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29617571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032912028","display_name":"Gianinna Ardaneswari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9999-7896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29617571","display_name":"University of Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/0116zj450","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29617571"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianinna Ardaneswari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics ,  Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences ,  Universitas Indonesia ,  Depok ,  16424 ,  Indonesia ,  ui.ac.id"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9999-7896","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics ,  Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences ,  Universitas Indonesia ,  Depok ,  16424 ,  Indonesia ,  ui.ac.id","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29617571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065408137","display_name":"Mohd Khalid Awang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9715-5161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51569856","display_name":"Sultan Zainal Abidin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00bnk2e50","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51569856"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Khalid Awang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Informatics & Computing ,  Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin ,  Besut ,  22200 , Terengganu,  Malaysia ,  unisza.edu.my"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9715-5161","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Informatics & Computing ,  Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin ,  Besut ,  22200 , Terengganu,  Malaysia ,  unisza.edu.my","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51569856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106863674","display_name":"Muhammad Ariq Yusaputra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29617571","display_name":"University of Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/0116zj450","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29617571"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ariq Yusaputra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics ,  Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences ,  Universitas Indonesia ,  Depok ,  16424 ,  Indonesia ,  ui.ac.id"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5154-3109","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics ,  Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences ,  Universitas Indonesia ,  Depok ,  16424 ,  Indonesia ,  ui.ac.id","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29617571"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111303713","display_name":"Dwivelia Aftika Sari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29617571","display_name":"University of Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/0116zj450","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29617571"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dian Puspita Sari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics ,  Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences ,  Universitas Indonesia ,  Depok ,  16424 ,  Indonesia ,  ui.ac.id"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8797-241X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics ,  Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences ,  Universitas Indonesia ,  Depok ,  16424 ,  Indonesia ,  ui.ac.id","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29617571"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038002912"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29617571"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1400},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1400},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12254444,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2024","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10118","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.730458676815033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.5834550857543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.5176963806152344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2019-20-coronavirus-outbreak","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","score":0.5110303163528442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49649912118911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4517882466316223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-sequencing","display_name":"Protein sequencing","score":0.4191640019416809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-biology","display_name":"Computational biology","score":0.3556201457977295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.325813353061676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.30380260944366455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peptide-sequence","display_name":"Peptide sequence","score":0.2795228064060211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2664681673049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.19986268877983093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biochemistry","display_name":"Biochemistry","score":0.1526990532875061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.13142696022987366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene","display_name":"Gene","score":0.08747810125350952}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.730458676815033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5834550857543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.5176963806152344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.5110303163528442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49649912118911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4517882466316223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10010492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3142557","display_name":"Protein sequencing","level":4,"score":0.4191640019416809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.3556201457977295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.325813353061676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.30380260944366455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167625842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899763","display_name":"Peptide sequence","level":3,"score":0.2795228064060211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2664681673049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.19986268877983093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.1526990532875061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.13142696022987366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.08747810125350952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2024/8683822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8683822","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/2024/8683822","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S174662166","display_name":"Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","issn_l":"2090-0147","issn":["2090-0147","2090-0155"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ae7f1b82898940699cae252c0db214e4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ae7f1b82898940699cae252c0db214e4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vol 2024 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2024/8683822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8683822","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/2024/8683822","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S174662166","display_name":"Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","issn_l":"2090-0147","issn":["2090-0147","2090-0155"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1962829046","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PUTI Q2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323819","funder_display_name":"Universitas Indonesia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2469125080","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NKB-661/UN2-RST/HKP.05.00/2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323819","funder_display_name":"Universitas Indonesia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323819","display_name":"Universitas Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/0116zj450"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401926348.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401926348.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034400748","https://openalex.org/W2167384912","https://openalex.org/W2378208052","https://openalex.org/W2485299813","https://openalex.org/W2543580944","https://openalex.org/W2596893179","https://openalex.org/W2737855739","https://openalex.org/W2747637521","https://openalex.org/W2894629945","https://openalex.org/W2953578018","https://openalex.org/W2971551439","https://openalex.org/W3003374333","https://openalex.org/W3035265089","https://openalex.org/W3081689004","https://openalex.org/W3087224093","https://openalex.org/W3109738466","https://openalex.org/W3185101522","https://openalex.org/W3203139718","https://openalex.org/W4213113494","https://openalex.org/W4309441004","https://openalex.org/W4318700694","https://openalex.org/W4387127415","https://openalex.org/W6682642761"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3036314732","https://openalex.org/W3009669391","https://openalex.org/W3176864053","https://openalex.org/W4206669628","https://openalex.org/W4292098121","https://openalex.org/W3154141118","https://openalex.org/W4388896133","https://openalex.org/W3031607536","https://openalex.org/W4205317059","https://openalex.org/W3198183218"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Coronaviruses,":[0],"including":[1,94],"severe":[2],"acute":[3],"respiratory":[4],"syndrome":[5],"coronavirus":[6,31,60,158,209],"2":[7],"(SARS\u2010CoV\u20102),":[8],"continue":[9],"to":[10,228],"pose":[11],"a":[12],"significant":[13],"public":[14],"health":[15],"challenge":[16],"globally,":[17],"even":[18],"in":[19,23,57,129,156,184,206,221,231],"2024.":[20],"Despite":[21],"advancements":[22],"vaccines":[24],"and":[25,42,79,99,115,135,178,188,202,219,226,233,238],"treatments,":[26],"the":[27,51,65,123,141,162,169,173,195,222,235],"accurate":[28],"classification":[29,55,127,175,200],"of":[30,53,67,125,131,197,224],"protein":[32,61,109,159,210],"sequences":[33],"remains":[34],"crucial":[35],"for":[36,87,217],"monitoring":[37],"variants,":[38],"understanding":[39,232],"viral":[40],"behavior,":[41],"developing":[43],"targeted":[44],"interventions.":[45],"In":[46],"this":[47],"study,":[48],"we":[49,121],"investigate":[50],"efficacy":[52,155],"various":[54],"methods":[56,201],"accurately":[58,207],"classifying":[59,157,208],"sequences.":[62,117,160,190,211],"We":[63],"explore":[64],"use":[66],"K":[68],"\u2010nearest":[69],"neighbor":[70],"(KNN),":[71],"fuzzy":[72],"KNN":[73],"(FKNN),":[74],"support":[75],"vector":[76],"machine":[77],"(SVM),":[78],"SVM":[80],"with":[81],"particle":[82],"swarm":[83],"optimization":[84],"(PSO\u2010SVM)":[85],"algorithms":[86],"classification,":[88],"complemented":[89],"by":[90],"feature":[91,102,203],"selection":[92,204],"techniques":[93,205],"principal":[95],"component":[96],"analysis":[97],"(PCA)":[98],"random":[100],"forest\u2010recursive":[101],"elimination":[103],"(RF\u2010RFE).":[104],"Our":[105,144],"dataset":[106],"comprises":[107],"2000":[108],"sequences,":[110],"evenly":[111],"split":[112],"between":[113,186],"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102":[114,187],"non\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102":[116,189],"Through":[118],"rigorous":[119],"analysis,":[120],"evaluate":[122],"performance":[124,149],"each":[126],"model":[128,166],"terms":[130],"accuracy,":[132,176],"sensitivity,":[133],"specificity,":[134,177],"receiver":[136],"operating":[137],"characteristic":[138],"area":[139],"under":[140],"curve":[142],"(ROC\u2010AUC).":[143],"findings":[145,213],"demonstrate":[146],"consistently":[147],"high":[148],"across":[150],"all":[151],"models,":[152],"reflecting":[153],"their":[154],"Notably,":[161],"PCA":[163],"+":[164],"PSO\u2010SVM":[165],"emerges":[167],"as":[168],"top\u2010performing":[170],"model,":[171],"exhibiting":[172],"highest":[174],"ROC\u2010AUC":[179],"score,":[180],"demonstrating":[181],"its":[182,239],"effectiveness":[183],"distinguishing":[185],"Overall,":[191],"our":[192],"study":[193],"highlights":[194],"importance":[196],"employing":[198],"advanced":[199],"The":[212],"provide":[214],"valuable":[215],"insights":[216],"researchers":[218],"practitioners":[220],"field":[223],"bioinformatics":[225],"contribute":[227],"ongoing":[229],"efforts":[230],"combating":[234],"COVID\u201019":[236],"pandemic":[237],"evolving":[240],"challenges.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
