{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393405391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7184018","title":"Emotion Modeling in Speech Signals: Discrete Wavelet Transform and Machine Learning Tools for Emotion Recognition System","display_name":"Emotion Modeling in Speech Signals: Discrete Wavelet Transform and Machine Learning Tools for Emotion Recognition System","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393405391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7184018"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2024/7184018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7184018","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/acisc/2024/7184018.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30680879","display_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","issn_l":"1687-9724","issn":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/acisc/2024/7184018.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015182669","display_name":"Khaled Daqrouq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6737-067X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"K. Daqrouq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6737-067X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066787526","display_name":"Ahmed Balamesh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0901-2847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Balamesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043605373","display_name":"Othman Alrusaini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3797-6384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"O. Alrusaini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047365008","display_name":"Abdulhameed F. Alkhateeb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5582-5892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Alkhateeb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039184854","display_name":"Abdullah Balamash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7249-2575"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. S. Balamash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015182669"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"],"apc_list":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"apc_paid":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"fwci":5.1459,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95486981,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2024","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.7203379273414612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6407056450843811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-recognition","display_name":"Emotion recognition","score":0.5946604609489441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-wavelet-transform","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","score":0.5808162689208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-detection","display_name":"Emotion detection","score":0.5550901889801025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.4908159673213959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4509281516075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.40739718079566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3809354901313782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3805321156978607}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.7203379273414612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6407056450843811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion recognition","level":2,"score":0.5946604609489441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46286280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414958","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","level":4,"score":0.5808162689208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988148770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion detection","level":3,"score":0.5550901889801025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.4908159673213959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4509281516075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.40739718079566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3809354901313782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3805321156978607}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2024/7184018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7184018","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/acisc/2024/7184018.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30680879","display_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","issn_l":"1687-9724","issn":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a3669dc6cb844a4b907a0e62881cdfa6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a3669dc6cb844a4b907a0e62881cdfa6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing, Vol 2024 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2024/7184018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7184018","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/acisc/2024/7184018.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30680879","display_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","issn_l":"1687-9724","issn":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2678242281","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"G: 648-135-1439","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322322","funder_display_name":"King Abdulaziz University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322322","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393405391.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W99294916","https://openalex.org/W1965284321","https://openalex.org/W1992747126","https://openalex.org/W2007339694","https://openalex.org/W2087725530","https://openalex.org/W2091462038","https://openalex.org/W2280340421","https://openalex.org/W2312140198","https://openalex.org/W2775699880","https://openalex.org/W2981559298","https://openalex.org/W3019821141","https://openalex.org/W3088932508","https://openalex.org/W3094995278","https://openalex.org/W3145018504","https://openalex.org/W3166444029","https://openalex.org/W3204958407","https://openalex.org/W4285284400","https://openalex.org/W4306916538","https://openalex.org/W4324382619","https://openalex.org/W4365449358","https://openalex.org/W4375846803","https://openalex.org/W4378212247","https://openalex.org/W4382399592","https://openalex.org/W4383551941","https://openalex.org/W6603999456"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W183670115","https://openalex.org/W1501179639","https://openalex.org/W3199035354","https://openalex.org/W2085792030","https://openalex.org/W1807354010","https://openalex.org/W3143644526","https://openalex.org/W598225674","https://openalex.org/W2734230146","https://openalex.org/W1588899229","https://openalex.org/W2077021924"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Speech":[0],"emotion":[1,24,65,219,256],"recognition":[2],"(SER)":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,20,183],"challenging":[6],"task":[7],"due":[8],"to":[9,134,191,254],"the":[10,68,77,138,144,161,168,172,199,202,208,213,216,226],"complex":[11],"and":[12,59,83,93,107,121,148,188,215,231,238,248],"subtle":[13],"nature":[14],"of":[15,42,176,196,201,207,212,228],"emotions.":[16,104],"This":[17],"study":[18,178],"proposes":[19],"novel":[21],"approach":[22],"for":[23,64,218],"modeling":[25],"using":[26,67],"speech":[27],"signals":[28],"by":[29],"combining":[30],"discrete":[31],"wavelet":[32,154],"transform":[33],"(DWT)":[34],"with":[35,151,193],"linear":[36],"prediction":[37,81],"coding":[38],"(LPC).":[39],"The":[40,88,174],"performance":[41,113,206],"various":[43,194],"classifiers,":[44,209],"including":[45],"support":[46],"vector":[47],"machine":[48],"(SVM),":[49],"K\u2010Nearest":[50],"Neighbors":[51],"(KNN),":[52],"Efficient":[53,118,164],"Logistic":[54,119,165],"Regression,":[55],"Naive":[56,122],"Bayes,":[57],"Ensemble,":[58],"Neural":[60,108],"Network,":[61],"was":[62,179],"evaluated":[63],"classification":[66,158,220,257],"EMO\u2010DB":[69],"dataset.":[70],"Evaluation":[71],"metrics":[72],"such":[73],"as":[74],"area":[75],"under":[76],"curve":[78],"(AUC),":[79],"average":[80,146],"accuracy,":[82,147],"cross\u2010validation":[84],"techniques":[85,253],"were":[86,129],"employed.":[87],"results":[89],"indicate":[90],"that":[91,180],"KNN":[92],"SVM":[94],"classifiers":[95,124,230,247],"exhibited":[96,167],"high":[97,210],"accuracy":[98],"in":[99,114,235],"distinguishing":[100],"sadness":[101,115],"from":[102],"other":[103,135,162],"Ensemble":[105],"methods":[106,234],"Networks":[109],"also":[110],"demonstrated":[111],"strong":[112],"classification.":[116],"While":[117],"Regression":[120,166],"Bayes":[123],"showed":[125],"competitive":[126],"performance,":[127],"they":[128],"slightly":[130],"less":[131],"accurate":[132],"compared":[133],"classifiers.":[136,173],"Furthermore,":[137],"proposed":[139],"feature":[140,185,232,251],"extraction":[141,186,233,252],"method":[142,187],"yielded":[143],"highest":[145],"its":[149],"combination":[150],"formants":[152],"or":[153],"entropy":[155],"further":[156],"improved":[157,205],"accuracy.":[159,258],"On":[160],"hand,":[163],"lowest":[169],"accuracies":[170],"among":[171],"uniqueness":[175],"this":[177],"it":[181],"investigated":[182],"combined":[184],"integrated":[189],"them":[190],"compare":[192],"forms":[195],"combinations.":[197],"However,":[198],"purposes":[200],"investigation":[203],"include":[204],"effectiveness":[211],"system,":[214],"potential":[217],"tasks.":[221],"These":[222],"findings":[223],"can":[224,243],"guide":[225],"selection":[227],"appropriate":[229],"future":[236],"research":[237],"real\u2010world":[239],"applications.":[240],"Further":[241],"investigations":[242],"focus":[244],"on":[245],"refining":[246],"exploring":[249],"additional":[250],"enhance":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}