{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404052688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3780785","title":"Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)\u2013Based Approach to Uncover the Relationship Between Block Size and Blockchain Performance","display_name":"Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)\u2013Based Approach to Uncover the Relationship Between Block Size and Blockchain Performance","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404052688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3780785"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2024/3780785","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3780785","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/2024/3780785","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30680879","display_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","issn_l":"1687-9724","issn":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/2024/3780785","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062895790","display_name":"Muhammad Hasnain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I274311791","display_name":"Lahore Leads University","ror":"https://ror.org/030qptj94","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I274311791"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Hasnain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science ,  Lahore Leads University ,  Lahore ,  Pakistan ,  leads.edu.pk"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science ,  Lahore Leads University ,  Lahore ,  Pakistan ,  leads.edu.pk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I274311791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112040797","display_name":"Imran Ghani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9571-7036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185641255","display_name":"Virginia Military Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01ngnm118","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185641255"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Imran Ghani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences ,  Virginia Military Institute ,  Lexington , Virginia,  24450 ,  USA ,  vmi.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences ,  Virginia Military Institute ,  Lexington , Virginia,  24450 ,  USA ,  vmi.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185641255"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051597182","display_name":"David Smith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185641255","display_name":"Virginia Military Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01ngnm118","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185641255"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences ,  Virginia Military Institute ,  Lexington , Virginia,  24450 ,  USA ,  vmi.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences ,  Virginia Military Institute ,  Lexington , Virginia,  24450 ,  USA ,  vmi.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185641255"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037499907","display_name":"Muhammad Zeeshan Asaf","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I274311791","display_name":"Lahore Leads University","ror":"https://ror.org/030qptj94","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I274311791"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science ,  Lahore Leads University ,  Lahore ,  Pakistan ,  leads.edu.pk"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science ,  Lahore Leads University ,  Lahore ,  Pakistan ,  leads.edu.pk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I274311791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024754608","display_name":"Shahid Saleem","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I274311791","display_name":"Lahore Leads University","ror":"https://ror.org/030qptj94","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I274311791"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahid Saleem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science ,  Lahore Leads University ,  Lahore ,  Pakistan ,  leads.edu.pk"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science ,  Lahore Leads University ,  Lahore ,  Pakistan ,  leads.edu.pk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I274311791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086541095","display_name":"Asad Hayat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3554-8140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46305995","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01wcbdc92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asad Hayat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control Science Engineering ,  Taiyuan University of Science and Technology ,  Taiyuan ,  China ,  tyust.edu.cn"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control Science Engineering ,  Taiyuan University of Science and Technology ,  Taiyuan ,  China ,  tyust.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046613326","display_name":"Seung Ryul Jeong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0008-0795"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seung Ryul Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Business IT ,  Kookmin University ,  Seoul ,  136 ,  Republic of Korea ,  kookmin.ac.kr"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Business IT ,  Kookmin University ,  Seoul ,  136 ,  Republic of Korea ,  kookmin.ac.kr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112040797"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185641255"],"apc_list":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"apc_paid":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30742766,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2024","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14319","display_name":"Currency Recognition and Detection","score":0.9429000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11326","display_name":"Stock Market Forecasting Methods","score":0.9426000118255615,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8582258224487305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.8323694467544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.7003762722015381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6944957375526428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48195311427116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4720395803451538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-size","display_name":"Block size","score":0.47088393568992615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.11783221364021301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0555228590965271}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8582258224487305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.8323694467544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.7003762722015381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6944957375526428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48195311427116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4720395803451538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41431624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053357","display_name":"Block size","level":3,"score":0.47088393568992615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.11783221364021301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0555228590965271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2024/3780785","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3780785","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/2024/3780785","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30680879","display_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","issn_l":"1687-9724","issn":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0edc19cdbd5346538a97259aaa431732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0edc19cdbd5346538a97259aaa431732","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing, Vol 2024 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2024/3780785","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3780785","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/2024/3780785","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30680879","display_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","issn_l":"1687-9724","issn":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404052688.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404052688.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W893234787","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2295940006","https://openalex.org/W2760605238","https://openalex.org/W2801672556","https://openalex.org/W2887561408","https://openalex.org/W2913127416","https://openalex.org/W2921980263","https://openalex.org/W2944812228","https://openalex.org/W2964199361","https://openalex.org/W2967109697","https://openalex.org/W2989439229","https://openalex.org/W3000031608","https://openalex.org/W3005782185","https://openalex.org/W3033036767","https://openalex.org/W3045430915","https://openalex.org/W3047676083","https://openalex.org/W3070581385","https://openalex.org/W3091614728","https://openalex.org/W3109159314","https://openalex.org/W3123417681","https://openalex.org/W3131268456","https://openalex.org/W3156129242","https://openalex.org/W3180190113","https://openalex.org/W3197395848","https://openalex.org/W3204063555","https://openalex.org/W3208433653","https://openalex.org/W4206965999","https://openalex.org/W4220957010","https://openalex.org/W4220993330","https://openalex.org/W4224231904","https://openalex.org/W4226179758","https://openalex.org/W4236314763","https://openalex.org/W4281651138","https://openalex.org/W4284992735","https://openalex.org/W4285249732","https://openalex.org/W4292258078","https://openalex.org/W4302010882","https://openalex.org/W4306631501","https://openalex.org/W4306698125","https://openalex.org/W4308529607","https://openalex.org/W4309825980","https://openalex.org/W4313041497","https://openalex.org/W4317935163","https://openalex.org/W4323047455","https://openalex.org/W4386804668","https://openalex.org/W4387707139","https://openalex.org/W4388861983","https://openalex.org/W4393033150"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2077189200","https://openalex.org/W2393136772","https://openalex.org/W768788828","https://openalex.org/W4386229429","https://openalex.org/W2035025044","https://openalex.org/W3016449295","https://openalex.org/W53339341","https://openalex.org/W2484416673","https://openalex.org/W2618349488","https://openalex.org/W4362564423"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"is":[1,67,152,165,186],"a":[2,19,33,133,179,189],"distributed":[3],"system":[4],"where":[5],"transactions":[6],"are":[7,13,89,130],"recorded":[8],"on":[9,116,139],"blocks.":[10],"The":[11,127],"blocks":[12,17,22],"linked":[14],"with":[15],"previous":[16],"creating":[18],"chain":[20],"of":[21,27,52,58,62,96,113,150,183,188],"that":[23,91,147],"ensures":[24],"the":[25,28,93,102,120,140,148,193],"integrity":[26],"blockchain.":[29],"Throughput":[30],"operates":[31],"as":[32],"pivotal":[34],"performance":[35,63,94,123,149],"indicator":[36],"in":[37,98],"blockchain":[38,53,97,105],"contributing":[39],"to":[40,107,155],"its":[41],"popularity":[42],"among":[43],"organizations":[44],"and":[45,84,118,124,161,171],"individual":[46],"users.":[47],"To":[48],"achieve":[49],"optimized":[50],"use":[51],"for":[54,168],"an":[55],"increasing":[56],"number":[57],"users,":[59],"accurate":[60],"prediction":[61],"at":[64],"different":[65,99],"timestamps":[66],"necessary.":[68],"In":[69],"this":[70],"paper,":[71],"two":[72,194],"recurrent":[73,86],"neural":[74],"network":[75],"(RNN)\u2013based":[76],"predictive":[77],"models,":[78],"i.e.,":[79],"long":[80],"short\u2010term":[81],"memory":[82],"(LSTM)":[83],"gated":[85],"unit":[87],"(GRU)":[88],"proposed":[90],"predict":[92],"(throughput)":[95],"scenarios.":[100],"Moreover,":[101],"study":[103,145,176],"analyzes":[104],"data":[106],"find":[108],"optimal":[109],"block":[110,114,125],"size,":[111],"impact":[112],"size":[115],"performance,":[117],"uncover":[119],"relationship":[121],"between":[122,192],"size.":[126],"RNN":[128],"models":[129],"evaluated":[131],"using":[132],"dataset":[134],"collected":[135],"from":[136],"Hyperledger":[137],"Caliper":[138],"HF":[141],"framework":[142],"2.3.":[143],"This":[144,175],"found":[146],"LSTM":[151],"approximately":[153],"close":[154],"GRU":[156,164],"regarding":[157],"evaluation":[158],"metrics":[159],"MAE":[160],"RMSE.":[162],"However,":[163],"more":[166],"suitable":[167],"practical":[169],"applications":[170],"performs":[172],"better":[173],"overall.":[174],"also":[177],"shows":[178],"Spearman":[180],"correlation":[181],"value":[182],"0.032,":[184],"which":[185],"indicative":[187],"weak":[190],"association":[191],"factors.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T14:07:55.174380","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
