{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392713526","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1487500","title":"Exploring Sign Language Detection on Smartphones: A Systematic Review of Machine and Deep Learning Approaches","display_name":"Exploring Sign Language Detection on Smartphones: A Systematic Review of Machine and Deep Learning Approaches","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392713526","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1487500"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2024/1487500","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1487500","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ahci/2024/1487500.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156498152","display_name":"Advances in Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1687-5893","issn":["1687-5893","1687-5907"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ahci/2024/1487500.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027551807","display_name":"Iftikhar Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8087-5485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132053282","display_name":"City University of Science and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02jsdya97","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iftikhar Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8087-5485","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034387377","display_name":"Abdul Hameed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0959-1754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206573129","display_name":"Islamia College University","ror":"https://ror.org/02p2c1595","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206573129"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Hameed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Islamia College University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Islamia College University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206573129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031112688","display_name":"Riaz Ahmad Ziar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1831-5487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131024953","display_name":"Kardan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04vts6h49","country_code":"AF","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131024953"]}],"countries":["AF"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Riaz Ahmad Ziar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Kardan University, Kabul 1001, Afghanistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1831-5487","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Kardan University, Kabul 1001, Afghanistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131024953"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031112688"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131024953"],"apc_list":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"apc_paid":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"fwci":4.4957,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94685693,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2024","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11285","display_name":"Hearing Impairment and Communication","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.645266592502594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.5256593823432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4928276836872101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.48927900195121765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign-language","display_name":"Sign language","score":0.468910813331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-sign-language","display_name":"American Sign Language","score":0.43477368354797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.40138301253318787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.34590017795562744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.19833317399024963}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.645266592502594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5256593823432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4928276836872101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.48927900195121765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522192633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228","display_name":"Sign language","level":2,"score":0.468910813331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776737515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14759","display_name":"American Sign Language","level":3,"score":0.43477368354797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.40138301253318787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.34590017795562744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.19833317399024963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2024/1487500","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1487500","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ahci/2024/1487500.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156498152","display_name":"Advances in Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1687-5893","issn":["1687-5893","1687-5907"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b17076c716474035a3321fe6d41fb310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b17076c716474035a3321fe6d41fb310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Human-Computer Interaction, Vol 2024 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2024/1487500","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1487500","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ahci/2024/1487500.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156498152","display_name":"Advances in Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1687-5893","issn":["1687-5893","1687-5907"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392713526.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":177,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W43926682","https://openalex.org/W1664781856","https://openalex.org/W1969724184","https://openalex.org/W2005501262","https://openalex.org/W2007168849","https://openalex.org/W2023629158","https://openalex.org/W2037887258","https://openalex.org/W2059331753","https://openalex.org/W2060289298","https://openalex.org/W2090843832","https://openalex.org/W2096365956","https://openalex.org/W2106956101","https://openalex.org/W2145750574","https://openalex.org/W2202030116","https://openalex.org/W2211630009","https://openalex.org/W2236518181","https://openalex.org/W2240291731","https://openalex.org/W2243738093","https://openalex.org/W2356829940","https://openalex.org/W2384611745","https://openalex.org/W2397622024","https://openalex.org/W2439773847","https://openalex.org/W2444597187","https://openalex.org/W2463640844","https://openalex.org/W2467504543","https://openalex.org/W2500655499","https://openalex.org/W2532765250","https://openalex.org/W2543880281","https://openalex.org/W2587277634","https://openalex.org/W2590251362","https://openalex.org/W2593059953","https://openalex.org/W2594392364","https://openalex.org/W2673507886","https://openalex.org/W2734359639","https://openalex.org/W2736111911","https://openalex.org/W2743239999","https://openalex.org/W2749164842","https://openalex.org/W2751907986","https://openalex.org/W2759920454","https://openalex.org/W2763871222","https://openalex.org/W2765942726","https://openalex.org/W2766028520","https://openalex.org/W2770091665","https://openalex.org/W2773636609","https://openalex.org/W2773973715","https://openalex.org/W2783809402","https://openalex.org/W2786359513","https://openalex.org/W2790684924","https://openalex.org/W2792183839","https://openalex.org/W2804213434","https://openalex.org/W2807750652","https://openalex.org/W2808430080","https://openalex.org/W2810384651","https://openalex.org/W2827413932","https://openalex.org/W2883349172","https://openalex.org/W2888246944","https://openalex.org/W2889429160","https://openalex.org/W2891249878","https://openalex.org/W2897208343","https://openalex.org/W2898578128","https://openalex.org/W2899056286","https://openalex.org/W2899058768","https://openalex.org/W2900728941","https://openalex.org/W2904518066","https://openalex.org/W2906808805","https://openalex.org/W2910064616","https://openalex.org/W2912010291","https://openalex.org/W2913691731","https://openalex.org/W2922300315","https://openalex.org/W2927544136","https://openalex.org/W2931489298","https://openalex.org/W2942378815","https://openalex.org/W2943447287","https://openalex.org/W2943735055","https://openalex.org/W2944985281","https://openalex.org/W2945517639","https://openalex.org/W2947204123","https://openalex.org/W2958162958","https://openalex.org/W2963075127","https://openalex.org/W2963587860","https://openalex.org/W2963632681","https://openalex.org/W2966865293","https://openalex.org/W2973831918","https://openalex.org/W2974184675","https://openalex.org/W2977919155","https://openalex.org/W2978026237","https://openalex.org/W2978637579","https://openalex.org/W2979410563","https://openalex.org/W2980550928","https://openalex.org/W2981449102","https://openalex.org/W2982300465","https://openalex.org/W2989390306","https://openalex.org/W2991483647","https://openalex.org/W2994122462","https://openalex.org/W2997980390","https://openalex.org/W2998506819","https://openalex.org/W3000067576","https://openalex.org/W3002556379","https://openalex.org/W3003389870","https://openalex.org/W3004104613","https://openalex.org/W3004959296","https://openalex.org/W3005465726","https://openalex.org/W3008327514","https://openalex.org/W3008943580","https://openalex.org/W3011188529","https://openalex.org/W3013697788","https://openalex.org/W3015201473","https://openalex.org/W3015898577","https://openalex.org/W3018840337","https://openalex.org/W3031252323","https://openalex.org/W3032108898","https://openalex.org/W3034713101","https://openalex.org/W3037771853","https://openalex.org/W3039535601","https://openalex.org/W3048732093","https://openalex.org/W3080437961","https://openalex.org/W3082376607","https://openalex.org/W3083788021","https://openalex.org/W3085640353","https://openalex.org/W3091218893","https://openalex.org/W3092363664","https://openalex.org/W3094755542","https://openalex.org/W3096389532","https://openalex.org/W3099043301","https://openalex.org/W3099129912","https://openalex.org/W3126190699","https://openalex.org/W3132521062","https://openalex.org/W3135137823","https://openalex.org/W3135257653","https://openalex.org/W3145891875","https://openalex.org/W3153016512","https://openalex.org/W3160266501","https://openalex.org/W3175647370","https://openalex.org/W3180632929","https://openalex.org/W3182508547","https://openalex.org/W3186585822","https://openalex.org/W3186946649","https://openalex.org/W3195690840","https://openalex.org/W4211216683","https://openalex.org/W4223508653","https://openalex.org/W4224257285","https://openalex.org/W4238453152","https://openalex.org/W4239969168","https://openalex.org/W4283642383","https://openalex.org/W4287815957","https://openalex.org/W4289542019","https://openalex.org/W4292438777","https://openalex.org/W4293318337","https://openalex.org/W4297999603","https://openalex.org/W4312551701","https://openalex.org/W4312603648","https://openalex.org/W4312973876","https://openalex.org/W4313343207","https://openalex.org/W4313476720","https://openalex.org/W4313550283","https://openalex.org/W4313855689","https://openalex.org/W4360613481","https://openalex.org/W4362465783","https://openalex.org/W4362498912","https://openalex.org/W4362564341","https://openalex.org/W4365808083","https://openalex.org/W4366779346","https://openalex.org/W4367396320","https://openalex.org/W4375946968","https://openalex.org/W4381195783","https://openalex.org/W6642775149","https://openalex.org/W6659767902","https://openalex.org/W6690319334","https://openalex.org/W6745131033","https://openalex.org/W6747631717","https://openalex.org/W6755766802","https://openalex.org/W6770073728","https://openalex.org/W6771817215","https://openalex.org/W6791462540","https://openalex.org/W6794154485","https://openalex.org/W6851515512","https://openalex.org/W6980333682"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2089405242","https://openalex.org/W1989687946","https://openalex.org/W2004685257","https://openalex.org/W2954293526","https://openalex.org/W1977288663","https://openalex.org/W2115068291","https://openalex.org/W3010360921","https://openalex.org/W2100673443","https://openalex.org/W2226154349","https://openalex.org/W2897666773"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"modern":[2],"era":[3],"of":[4,7,16,144],"technology,":[5],"most":[6],"the":[8,14,128,142,159,182,185,208],"accessibility":[9,30,66],"issues":[10],"are":[11,50,148],"handled":[12],"with":[13,104,211],"help":[15],"smart":[17],"devices":[18],"and":[19,38,44,56,60,139,164,168,203,218,229,236,239],"cutting-edge":[20],"gadgets.":[21],"Smartphones":[22],"play":[23],"a":[24,71,83,212],"crucial":[25],"role":[26],"in":[27,184,232,234,244],"addressing":[28],"various":[29,65],"challenges,":[31,67],"including":[32],"voice":[33],"recognition,":[34],"sign":[35,129,165],"language":[36,130,166],"detection":[37,167],"interpretation,":[39],"navigation":[40],"systems,":[41],"speech-to-text":[42],"conversion,":[43],"vice":[45],"versa,":[46],"among":[47],"others.":[48,121],"They":[49],"computationally":[51],"powerful":[52],"enough":[53],"to":[54,76,90,114,197],"handle":[55],"run":[57],"numerous":[58],"machine":[59,173],"deep":[61,176],"learning":[62,174,177],"applications.":[63],"Among":[64],"speech":[68,105,162,192],"disorders":[69],"represent":[70],"disability":[72,84],"where":[73],"individuals":[74,124],"struggle":[75],"communicate":[77],"verbally.":[78],"Similarly,":[79],"hearing":[80,107],"loss":[81],"is":[82,111],"that":[85,157],"impairs":[86],"an":[87],"individual\u2019s":[88],"ability":[89],"hear,":[91],"necessitating":[92],"reliance":[93],"on":[94,127,161,191],"gestures":[95],"for":[96,206,216,227,241],"communication.":[97],"A":[98,200],"significant":[99],"challenge":[100],"encountered":[101],"by":[102,187],"people":[103,243],"disorders,":[106],"loss,":[108],"or":[109,117],"both":[110],"their":[112],"inability":[113],"effectively":[115],"convey":[116],"receive":[118],"messages":[119],"from":[120,195],"Hence,":[122],"these":[123],"heavily":[125],"depend":[126],"(a":[131],"gesture-based":[132],"communication)":[133],"method,":[134],"typically":[135],"involving":[136],"hand":[137],"movements":[138],"expressions.":[140],"To":[141],"best":[143],"our":[145],"knowledge,":[146],"there":[147],"currently":[149],"no":[150],"comprehensive":[151],"review":[152],"and/or":[153,175],"survey":[154],"articles":[155],"available":[156],"cover":[158],"literature":[160,186,209],"disabilities":[163],"interpretation":[169],"via":[170],"smartphones":[171],"utilizing":[172],"approaches.":[178],"This":[179],"study":[180],"fills":[181],"gap":[183],"analyzing":[188],"research":[189],"publications":[190],"disabilities,":[193],"published":[194],"2012":[196],"July":[198],"2023.":[199],"rigorous":[201],"search":[202],"standard":[204],"strategy":[205],"formulating":[207],"along":[210],"well-defined":[213],"theoretical":[214],"framework":[215],"results":[217],"findings":[219],"have":[220],"been":[221],"used.":[222],"The":[223],"paper":[224],"has":[225],"implications":[226],"practitioners":[228],"researchers":[230],"working":[231],"accessibilities":[233],"general":[235],"smart/intelligent":[237],"gadgets":[238],"applications":[240],"speech-disabled":[242],"specific.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}