{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321365946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9544481","title":"Feed\u2010Forward Deep Neural Network (FFDNN)\u2010Based Deep Features for Static Malware Detection","display_name":"Feed\u2010Forward Deep Neural Network (FFDNN)\u2010Based Deep Features for Static Malware Detection","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321365946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9544481"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2023/9544481","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9544481","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijis/2023/9544481.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijis/2023/9544481.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055506633","display_name":"Priyanka Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5476-6501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151903974","display_name":"National Institute Of Technology Silchar","ror":"https://ror.org/001ws2a36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151903974"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Priyanka Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science Engineering, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam 788010","Department of Computer Science Engineering, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam 788010, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam 788010","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151903974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam 788010, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151903974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078399965","display_name":"Samir Kumar Borgohain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9061-3502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151903974","display_name":"National Institute Of Technology Silchar","ror":"https://ror.org/001ws2a36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151903974"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samir Kumar Borgohain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science Engineering, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam 788010","Department of Computer Science Engineering, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam 788010, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam 788010","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151903974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam 788010, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151903974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002627413","display_name":"Achintya Kumar Sarkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9870-3980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129773","display_name":"Institute of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/03ny67e60","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4210129773"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155292","display_name":"Indian Institute of Information Technology Sri City","ror":"https://ror.org/026873d40","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387155292"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Achintya Kumar Sarkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE Group), Indian Institute of Information Technology Sri City, Sri City, Andhra Pradesh 517646","Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE Group), Indian Institute of Information Technology Sri City, Sri City, Andhra Pradesh 517646, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE Group), Indian Institute of Information Technology Sri City, Sri City, Andhra Pradesh 517646","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129773"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE Group), Indian Institute of Information Technology Sri City, Sri City, Andhra Pradesh 517646, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387155292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059917431","display_name":"Jayendra Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3381-2764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131147","display_name":"SRM University","ror":"https://ror.org/037skf023","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145286018","https://openalex.org/I4210131147"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726783","display_name":"VIT-AP University","ror":"https://ror.org/007v4hf75","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726783"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jayendra Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522 237","School of Electronics Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522 237, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3381-2764","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522 237","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131147"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522 237, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131147","https://openalex.org/I4401726783"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039093148","display_name":"Lakhan Dev Sharma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131147","display_name":"SRM University","ror":"https://ror.org/037skf023","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145286018","https://openalex.org/I4210131147"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726783","display_name":"VIT-AP University","ror":"https://ror.org/007v4hf75","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726783"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lakhan Dev Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522 237","School of Electronics Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522 237, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522 237","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131147"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522 237, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131147","https://openalex.org/I4401726783"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059917431"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131147","https://openalex.org/I4401726783"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"fwci":6.2165,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97422393,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2023","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8017909526824951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7953498363494873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6864104866981506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6332477331161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6287407279014587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.5895601511001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.511415421962738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5038267970085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.49918484687805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4624488651752472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.44668492674827576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.42303502559661865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37931394577026367}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8017909526824951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7953498363494873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6864104866981506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6332477331161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6287407279014587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.5895601511001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.511415421962738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5038267970085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.49918484687805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4624488651752472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.44668492674827576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.42303502559661865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37931394577026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2023/9544481","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9544481","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijis/2023/9544481.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2023/9544481","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9544481","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijis/2023/9544481.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321365946.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521503648","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1893133781","https://openalex.org/W1984233424","https://openalex.org/W2028501442","https://openalex.org/W2035424729","https://openalex.org/W2040870580","https://openalex.org/W2041004593","https://openalex.org/W2058397971","https://openalex.org/W2062227835","https://openalex.org/W2128084896","https://openalex.org/W2140190241","https://openalex.org/W2155535003","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2462831000","https://openalex.org/W2533075636","https://openalex.org/W2596068489","https://openalex.org/W2612186685","https://openalex.org/W2620369751","https://openalex.org/W2660067476","https://openalex.org/W2736972628","https://openalex.org/W2767177879","https://openalex.org/W2890937966","https://openalex.org/W2899663614","https://openalex.org/W2899675781","https://openalex.org/W2899776223","https://openalex.org/W2900587877","https://openalex.org/W2911626912","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2914373984","https://openalex.org/W2931858311","https://openalex.org/W2943165231","https://openalex.org/W2963285578","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W2973022971","https://openalex.org/W2980367889","https://openalex.org/W2985137303","https://openalex.org/W2996806689","https://openalex.org/W2998074434","https://openalex.org/W2998961572","https://openalex.org/W3005680577","https://openalex.org/W3023149700","https://openalex.org/W3023529621","https://openalex.org/W3027498476","https://openalex.org/W3035967575","https://openalex.org/W3047057232","https://openalex.org/W3082575476","https://openalex.org/W3087969957","https://openalex.org/W3089189066","https://openalex.org/W3090473955","https://openalex.org/W3094861110","https://openalex.org/W3097711322","https://openalex.org/W3106196258","https://openalex.org/W3134835849","https://openalex.org/W3165390445","https://openalex.org/W3166898278","https://openalex.org/W3169709129","https://openalex.org/W3183075900","https://openalex.org/W4200264133","https://openalex.org/W4221067865","https://openalex.org/W4230022635","https://openalex.org/W4246719790","https://openalex.org/W4285675053","https://openalex.org/W4292356656","https://openalex.org/W4300687693","https://openalex.org/W4304109176","https://openalex.org/W4309089711","https://openalex.org/W4312636198"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2965546495","https://openalex.org/W4389116644","https://openalex.org/W2153315159","https://openalex.org/W3103844505","https://openalex.org/W259157601","https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W4205463238","https://openalex.org/W2753240997","https://openalex.org/W2110523656","https://openalex.org/W2889302474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,49,90,154,168,180],"portable":[1],"executable":[2],"header":[3],"(PEH)":[4],"information":[5,38],"is":[6,88,92,160],"commonly":[7],"used":[8],"as":[9,106,108],"a":[10,43,61,163],"feature":[11,71,190],"for":[12,64,191],"malware":[13,65],"detection":[14],"systems":[15],"to":[16,30,76],"train":[17],"and":[18,123,131,146,173],"validate":[19],"machine":[20,144],"learning":[21,25],"(ML)":[22],"or":[23],"deep":[24,33,45,52,70,101,110,129,189],"(DL)":[26],"classifiers.":[27],"We":[28],"propose":[29],"extract":[31],"the":[32,36,58,69,77,80,95,100,117,157,186,192,197],"features":[34,53,102,111,130],"from":[35],"PEH":[37],"through":[39],"hidden":[40,55,74,114],"layers":[41,56,105],"of":[42,51,54,72,103,112,156,177],"feed\u2010forward":[44],"neural":[46],"network":[47],"(FFDNN).":[48],"extraction":[50],"represents":[57],"dataset":[59],"with":[60,94,126,185,196],"better":[62],"generalization":[63],"detection.":[66],"While":[67],"feeding":[68],"one":[73],"layer":[75,128],"succeeding":[78],"layer,":[79],"Gaussian":[81],"error":[82],"linear":[83],"unit":[84],"(GeLU)":[85],"activation":[86,97,199],"function":[87,98],"applied.":[89],"FFDNN":[91],"trained":[93,122],"GeLU":[96,198],"using":[99,162],"individual":[104,127],"well":[107],"concatenated":[109,132],"all":[113],"layers.":[115],"Similarly,":[116],"ML":[118,137],"classifiers":[119],"are":[120,171],"also":[121],"validated":[124],"in":[125,175],"features.":[133],"Three":[134],"highly":[135],"effective":[136],"classifiers,":[138],"random":[139],"forest":[140],"(RF),":[141],"support":[142],"vector":[143],"(SVM),":[145],"k":[147],"\u2010nearest":[148],"neighbour":[149],"(k\u2010NN)":[150],"have":[151],"been":[152],"investigated.":[153],"performance":[155],"proposed":[158,193],"model":[159],"demonstrated":[161],"statically":[164],"significant":[165],"large":[166],"dataset.":[167],"obtained":[169],"results":[170],"interesting":[172],"encouraging":[174],"terms":[176],"classification":[178,181],"accuracy.":[179],"accuracy":[182],"reaches":[183],"99.15%":[184],"internal":[187],"discriminative":[188],"FFDNN\u2010ML":[194],"classifier":[195],"function.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-15T08:27:34.491423","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}