{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390140359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7185329","title":"A Primer on Underwater Quantum Key Distribution","display_name":"A Primer on Underwater Quantum Key Distribution","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390140359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7185329"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2023/7185329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7185329","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/que/2023/7185329.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210208943","display_name":"Quantum Engineering","issn_l":"2577-0470","issn":["2577-0470"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/que/2023/7185329.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009155933","display_name":"Pietro Paglierani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7786-0848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pietro Paglierani","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO STO Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, La Spezia 19126, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO STO Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, La Spezia 19126, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042545183","display_name":"Amir Hossein Fahim Raouf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9822-021X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44925452","display_name":"\u00d6zye\u011fin University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jjhfr75","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44925452"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["TR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Hossein Fahim Raouf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA","Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ozyegin University, Istanbul 34794, T\u00fcrkiye"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ozyegin University, Istanbul 34794, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44925452"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067470743","display_name":"Konstantinos Pelekanakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1118-3458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Pelekanakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO STO Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, La Spezia 19126, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO STO Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, La Spezia 19126, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036332748","display_name":"Roberto Petroccia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1298-2457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Petroccia","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO STO Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, La Spezia 19126, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO STO Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, La Spezia 19126, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103829551","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Alves","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o Alves","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO STO Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, La Spezia 19126, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO STO Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, La Spezia 19126, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018973008","display_name":"Murat Uysal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5945-0813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Murat Uysal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Division, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi 129188, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Division, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi 129188, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009155933"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3965,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85491971,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2023","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.8610998392105103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6836965084075928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.6444209218025208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6206876039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5381226539611816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5026459693908691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptosystem","display_name":"Cryptosystem","score":0.4858970046043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.43494758009910583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.4337310791015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.43233299255371094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.38164958357810974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.37775719165802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3474826216697693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1387733519077301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.10059943795204163}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.8610998392105103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6836965084075928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.6444209218025208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6206876039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5381226539611816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5026459693908691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6295992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q976521","display_name":"Cryptosystem","level":3,"score":0.4858970046043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.43494758009910583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.4337310791015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.43233299255371094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.38164958357810974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.37775719165802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3474826216697693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1387733519077301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.10059943795204163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2023/7185329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7185329","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/que/2023/7185329.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210208943","display_name":"Quantum Engineering","issn_l":"2577-0470","issn":["2577-0470"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2023/7185329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7185329","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/que/2023/7185329.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210208943","display_name":"Quantum Engineering","issn_l":"2577-0470","issn":["2577-0470"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390140359.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":125,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W229578664","https://openalex.org/W833134121","https://openalex.org/W951725664","https://openalex.org/W1520506833","https://openalex.org/W1556909464","https://openalex.org/W1564498658","https://openalex.org/W1628268027","https://openalex.org/W1659991187","https://openalex.org/W1867140701","https://openalex.org/W1908308678","https://openalex.org/W1964407730","https://openalex.org/W1966784816","https://openalex.org/W1980926978","https://openalex.org/W1983348509","https://openalex.org/W1983802150","https://openalex.org/W1986808271","https://openalex.org/W1988377809","https://openalex.org/W1997124098","https://openalex.org/W2004273086","https://openalex.org/W2006226307","https://openalex.org/W2008138878","https://openalex.org/W2009635322","https://openalex.org/W2020272675","https://openalex.org/W2035447115","https://openalex.org/W2047463679","https://openalex.org/W2051051926","https://openalex.org/W2052776368","https://openalex.org/W2055617162","https://openalex.org/W2072575625","https://openalex.org/W2075016360","https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2086184903","https://openalex.org/W2092170471","https://openalex.org/W2093075119","https://openalex.org/W2100257068","https://openalex.org/W2100278976","https://openalex.org/W2101371787","https://openalex.org/W2110033949","https://openalex.org/W2121114422","https://openalex.org/W2121213780","https://openalex.org/W2122273579","https://openalex.org/W2130204725","https://openalex.org/W2153584983","https://openalex.org/W2161371132","https://openalex.org/W2167590781","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2170608991","https://openalex.org/W2273682834","https://openalex.org/W2287464903","https://openalex.org/W2336770924","https://openalex.org/W2473315843","https://openalex.org/W2724490172","https://openalex.org/W2728092904","https://openalex.org/W2753406271","https://openalex.org/W2770985650","https://openalex.org/W2773399563","https://openalex.org/W2792144014","https://openalex.org/W2799278992","https://openalex.org/W2887888816","https://openalex.org/W2887958393","https://openalex.org/W2889173296","https://openalex.org/W2912996007","https://openalex.org/W2920166648","https://openalex.org/W2920520496","https://openalex.org/W2920997946","https://openalex.org/W2927604500","https://openalex.org/W2938669437","https://openalex.org/W2945093030","https://openalex.org/W2948602808","https://openalex.org/W2950128488","https://openalex.org/W2963117550","https://openalex.org/W2997144740","https://openalex.org/W2997381898","https://openalex.org/W2997682476","https://openalex.org/W3001721010","https://openalex.org/W3008629526","https://openalex.org/W3026670771","https://openalex.org/W3030205169","https://openalex.org/W3050759877","https://openalex.org/W3060175561","https://openalex.org/W3084096893","https://openalex.org/W3091683469","https://openalex.org/W3098758812","https://openalex.org/W3101884387","https://openalex.org/W3102594956","https://openalex.org/W3104620226","https://openalex.org/W3105659654","https://openalex.org/W3106112951","https://openalex.org/W3106208174","https://openalex.org/W3120525306","https://openalex.org/W3128463694","https://openalex.org/W3129314046","https://openalex.org/W3129805198","https://openalex.org/W3162318070","https://openalex.org/W3196886598","https://openalex.org/W3211557186","https://openalex.org/W3211958852","https://openalex.org/W3215855611","https://openalex.org/W3217227913","https://openalex.org/W4200477298","https://openalex.org/W4214791206","https://openalex.org/W4223912249","https://openalex.org/W4224297686","https://openalex.org/W4226075590","https://openalex.org/W4254981735","https://openalex.org/W4281621613","https://openalex.org/W4281628717","https://openalex.org/W4284692917","https://openalex.org/W4285821415","https://openalex.org/W4289126832","https://openalex.org/W4296842505","https://openalex.org/W4300818283","https://openalex.org/W4303440099","https://openalex.org/W4306252747","https://openalex.org/W4312438667","https://openalex.org/W4317040441","https://openalex.org/W4328054836","https://openalex.org/W4365934498","https://openalex.org/W4377245763","https://openalex.org/W4381248302","https://openalex.org/W4381250656","https://openalex.org/W4381737191","https://openalex.org/W4384025246","https://openalex.org/W4388450584","https://openalex.org/W4389258776"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2036792402","https://openalex.org/W4220701436","https://openalex.org/W4281396976","https://openalex.org/W4288020428","https://openalex.org/W4290392458","https://openalex.org/W4292387542","https://openalex.org/W2989046916","https://openalex.org/W2032147770","https://openalex.org/W204679888","https://openalex.org/W4285214172"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,82,178],"growing":[1],"importance":[2],"of":[3,36,65,84,95,103,137,157,173,185,201,210,214],"underwater":[4,17,49,123,149,191],"networks":[5],"(UNs)":[6],"in":[7,31,107],"mission-critical":[8],"activities":[9],"at":[10],"sea":[11],"enforces":[12],"the":[13,34,63,67,78,91,101,134,154,186,197,202],"need":[14],"for":[15],"secure":[16,28],"communications":[18],"(UCs).":[19],"Classical":[20],"encryption":[21],"techniques":[22],"can":[23,113],"be":[24],"used":[25],"to":[26,42,76,147],"achieve":[27],"data":[29],"exchange":[30],"UNs.":[32],"However,":[33],"advent":[35],"quantum":[37,59,124,138],"computing":[38],"will":[39],"pose":[40,62],"threats":[41],"classical":[43],"cryptography,":[44],"thus":[45],"challenging":[46],"UCs.":[47],"Currently,":[48],"cryptosystems":[50],"mostly":[51],"adopt":[52],"symmetric":[53],"ciphers,":[54],"which":[55,128],"are":[56,159,216],"considered":[57],"computationally":[58],"robust":[60],"but":[61],"challenge":[64],"distributing":[66],"secret":[68],"key":[69,79,125,198],"upfront.":[70],"Post-quantum":[71],"public-key":[72],"(PQPK)":[73],"protocols":[74],"promise":[75],"overcome":[77],"distribution":[80,126],"problem.":[81],"security":[83,131],"PQPK":[85,105],"protocols,":[86],"however,":[87],"only":[88],"relies":[89],"on":[90,162,196],"assumed":[92],"computational":[93],"complexity":[94],"some":[96],"underlying":[97],"mathematical":[98],"problems.":[99],"Moreover,":[100],"use":[102],"resource-hungry":[104],"algorithms":[106],"resource-constrained":[108],"environments":[109],"such":[110],"as":[111],"UNs":[112],"require":[114],"nontrivial":[115],"hardware/software":[116],"optimization":[117],"efforts.":[118],"An":[119],"alternative":[120],"approach":[121],"is":[122,175],"(QKD),":[127],"promises":[129],"unconditional":[130],"built":[132],"upon":[133],"physical":[135],"principles":[136],"mechanics":[139],"(QM).":[140],"This":[141],"tutorial":[142],"provides":[143,181],"a":[144,163,182],"basic":[145,155],"introduction":[146],"free-space":[148,190],"QKD":[150,158,167,187],"(UQKD).":[151],"At":[152],"first,":[153],"concepts":[156],"presented,":[160],"based":[161],"fully":[164],"worked":[165],"out":[166],"example.":[168],"A":[169],"thorough":[170],"state-of-the-art":[171],"analysis":[172,184],"UQKD":[174,215],"carried":[176],"out.":[177],"paper":[179],"subsequently":[180],"theoretical":[183],"performance":[188],"through":[189],"channels":[192],"and":[193,204,212,218],"its":[194],"dependence":[195],"optical":[199],"parameters":[200],"system":[203],"seawater.":[205],"Finally,":[206],"open":[207],"challenges,":[208],"points":[209],"strength,":[211],"perspectives":[213],"identified":[217],"discussed.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T23:12:01.093139","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
