{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387043111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6676767","title":"Censoring Balancing Functions for Undetected Probably Significant Effects in Cox Regression","display_name":"Censoring Balancing Functions for Undetected Probably Significant Effects in Cox Regression","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387043111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6676767"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2023/6676767","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6676767","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijmms/2023/6676767.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151851439","display_name":"International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences","issn_l":"0161-1712","issn":["0161-1712","1687-0425"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijmms/2023/6676767.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049342340","display_name":"Ildephonse Nizeyimana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1893-5344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087849","display_name":"University of Rwanda","ror":"https://ror.org/00286hs46","country_code":"RW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135282","display_name":"African Centre for Technology Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/047eaw227","country_code":"KE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135282"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64032852","display_name":"Pan-Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/02tythz78","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64032852"]}],"countries":["KE","NG","RW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ildephonse Nizeyimana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pan African University Insitute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi,  Kenya","University of Rwanda, Kigali,  Rwanda ur.ac.rw","University of Rwanda, Kigali","Pan African University Insitute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1893-5344","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pan African University Insitute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi,  Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rwanda, Kigali,  Rwanda ur.ac.rw","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rwanda, Kigali","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pan African University Insitute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64032852"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010609470","display_name":"George Otieno Orwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4990-5498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26805570","display_name":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/015h5sy57","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26805570"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Otieno Orwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi,  Kenya jkuat.ac.ke","Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4990-5498","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi,  Kenya jkuat.ac.ke","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26805570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26805570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070056606","display_name":"Michael Arthur Ofori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4983-540X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135282","display_name":"African Centre for Technology Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/047eaw227","country_code":"KE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135282"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64032852","display_name":"Pan-Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/02tythz78","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64032852"]}],"countries":["KE","NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Arthur Ofori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pan African University Insitute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi,  Kenya","Pan African University Insitute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4983-540X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pan African University Insitute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi,  Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pan African University Insitute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64032852"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010701609","display_name":"Samuel Mwalili","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9703-6514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26805570","display_name":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/015h5sy57","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26805570"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Musili Mwalili","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi,  Kenya jkuat.ac.ke","Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9703-6514","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi,  Kenya jkuat.ac.ke","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26805570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26805570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049342340"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087849","https://openalex.org/I4210135282","https://openalex.org/I64032852"],"apc_list":{"value":1025,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1025},"apc_paid":{"value":1025,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1025},"fwci":0.3157,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63003056,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2023","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariate","display_name":"Covariate","score":0.9523262977600098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/censoring","display_name":"Censoring (clinical trials)","score":0.8846641182899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.74068683385849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.7400499582290649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.6908681392669678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proportional-hazards-model","display_name":"Proportional hazards model","score":0.6889680624008179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.5598472952842712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monotonic-function","display_name":"Monotonic function","score":0.5341199040412903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression","display_name":"Regression","score":0.49676162004470825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-analysis","display_name":"Regression analysis","score":0.47496697306632996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.4448878765106201}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119043178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320723","display_name":"Covariate","level":2,"score":0.9523262977600098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137668524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189813","display_name":"Censoring (clinical trials)","level":2,"score":0.8846641182899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.74068683385849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.7400499582290649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.6908681392669678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50382708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223218","display_name":"Proportional hazards model","level":2,"score":0.6889680624008179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.5598472952842712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72169020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194404","display_name":"Monotonic function","level":2,"score":0.5341199040412903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.49676162004470825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.47496697306632996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.4448878765106201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2023/6676767","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6676767","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijmms/2023/6676767.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151851439","display_name":"International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences","issn_l":"0161-1712","issn":["0161-1712","1687-0425"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:hin:jijmms:6676767","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijmms/2023/6676767.xml","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:13cbbb4dbf2b46b3b60f5babc31a7976","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/13cbbb4dbf2b46b3b60f5babc31a7976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences, Vol 2023 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hindawi.com:10.1155/2023/6676767","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6676767","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400340","display_name":"Hindawi Journal of Chemistry (Hindawi)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210126990","host_organization_name":"Hindawi (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Research Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2023/6676767","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6676767","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijmms/2023/6676767.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151851439","display_name":"International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences","issn_l":"0161-1712","issn":["0161-1712","1687-0425"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387043111.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387043111.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W350252380","https://openalex.org/W2009554336","https://openalex.org/W2012658469","https://openalex.org/W2016681503","https://openalex.org/W2029758357","https://openalex.org/W2071066672","https://openalex.org/W2103018859","https://openalex.org/W2105592956","https://openalex.org/W2113826330","https://openalex.org/W2131691431","https://openalex.org/W2164610882","https://openalex.org/W2170424458","https://openalex.org/W2462098623","https://openalex.org/W2756090149","https://openalex.org/W2800090224","https://openalex.org/W3015233989","https://openalex.org/W3036141416","https://openalex.org/W3048688250","https://openalex.org/W3120519245","https://openalex.org/W3147894994","https://openalex.org/W6998849069"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2985746494","https://openalex.org/W4206042385","https://openalex.org/W2511384863","https://openalex.org/W2096089271","https://openalex.org/W2923628599","https://openalex.org/W2014100433","https://openalex.org/W2051519658","https://openalex.org/W2994787386","https://openalex.org/W2064181951","https://openalex.org/W2792777176"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Weighted":[0],"Cox":[1,12],"regression":[2],"models":[3,15],"were":[4],"proposed":[5,31],"as":[6,91],"an":[7],"alternative":[8],"to":[9,27,45,59,79,116,120,170],"the":[10,47,84,93,110,121,140,146,154,157,164,174,177],"standard":[11],"proportional":[13],"hazards":[14],"where":[16],"consistent":[17],"estimators":[18],"can":[19,36,118,135],"be":[20,37,80,136],"obtained":[21],"with":[22],"more":[23,105,187],"relative":[24],"strength":[25],"compared":[26],"unweighted":[28],"cases.":[29,191],"We":[30],"censoring":[32,117,179],"balancing":[33,180],"functions":[34,76,181],"which":[35],"built":[38],"in":[39,92,102,114,182],"a":[40],"way":[41],"that":[42,53],"allows":[43],"us":[44],"obtain":[46],"maximum":[48],"possible":[49],"significant":[50,130],"treatment":[51],"effects":[52,131],"may":[54],"have":[55],"gone":[56],"undetected":[57],"due":[58],"censoring.":[60],"The":[61,160],"harm":[62],"caused":[63],"by":[64,99,152],"this":[65],"is":[66,150],"compensated":[67],"and":[68,142,167,186],"new":[69],"weighted":[70],"parameter":[71,158],"estimates":[72],"are":[73,77,87,97],"found.":[74],"These":[75],"constructed":[78],"monotonic":[81,100],"because":[82],"even":[83,109],"hazard":[85],"ratios":[86],"not":[88],"exactly":[89],"constant":[90],"ideal":[94],"case,":[95],"but":[96],"violated":[98],"deviations":[101],"time.":[103],"For":[104],"than":[106,188],"one":[107,133,184,189],"covariate,":[108],"interaction":[111],"between":[112],"covariates":[113],"addition":[115],"lead":[119],"loss":[122],"of":[123,132,145,156,176],"significance":[124,141],"for":[125],"some":[126],"covariates\u2019":[127],"effects.":[128],"Undetected":[129],"covariate":[134,185,190],"obtained,":[137],"still":[138],"keeping":[139,153],"approximate":[143],"size":[144],"remaining":[147],"one(s).":[148],"This":[149],"performed":[151],"consistency":[155],"estimates.":[159],"results":[161],"from":[162],"both":[163,183],"simulated":[165],"datasets":[166,172],"their":[168],"application":[169],"real":[171],"supported":[173],"importance":[175],"suggested":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
