{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388211228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2768126","title":"Decision Fusion and Micro\u2010Doppler Effects in Moving Sonar Target Recognition","display_name":"Decision Fusion and Micro\u2010Doppler Effects in Moving Sonar Target Recognition","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388211228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2768126"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2023/2768126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2768126","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijis/2023/2768126.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijis/2023/2768126.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002948669","display_name":"Farhan A. Alenizi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3842-4485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142608572","display_name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farhan A. Alenizi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942","Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3842-4485","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048951363","display_name":"Omar Mutab Alsalami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7530-6264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omar Mutab Alsalami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944","Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7530-6264","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061334542","display_name":"Abbas Saffari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6679-7225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97626857","display_name":"University of Birjand","ror":"https://ror.org/03g4hym73","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97626857"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abbas Saffari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6679-7225","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97626857"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97626857"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075446535","display_name":"Seyed Hamid Zahiri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1280-8133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97626857","display_name":"University of Birjand","ror":"https://ror.org/03g4hym73","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97626857"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyed Hamid Zahiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1280-8133","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97626857"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97626857"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012491705","display_name":"Mokhtar Mohammadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1393-5062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125537","display_name":"Lebanese French University","ror":"https://ror.org/030t96b35","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125537"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mokhtar Mohammadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region","Department of Information Technology, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1393-5062","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125537"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125537"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061334542"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97626857"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"fwci":0.2569,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62003427,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"2023","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.7142301201820374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7078930139541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sonar","display_name":"Sonar","score":0.6331856846809387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6089338660240173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5691142678260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5616602301597595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.527732253074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5272238254547119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.5262063145637512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.4636610150337219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.4478071630001068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-target-recognition","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","score":0.44658592343330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2949393391609192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.13054946064949036}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.7142301201820374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7078930139541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555745239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133220","display_name":"Sonar","level":2,"score":0.6331856846809387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6089338660240173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5691142678260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5616602301597595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.527732253074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5272238254547119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.5262063145637512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.4636610150337219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4478071630001068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117623542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621974","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","level":3,"score":0.44658592343330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2949393391609192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.13054946064949036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2023/2768126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2768126","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijis/2023/2768126.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2023/2768126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2768126","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijis/2023/2768126.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.9200000166893005}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G604726058","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PSAU/2023/R/1445","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311227","funder_display_name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311227","display_name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388211228.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W648098667","https://openalex.org/W1976990135","https://openalex.org/W2032136440","https://openalex.org/W2110200678","https://openalex.org/W2112186756","https://openalex.org/W2129448347","https://openalex.org/W2138665655","https://openalex.org/W2249118586","https://openalex.org/W2508541099","https://openalex.org/W2533913188","https://openalex.org/W2549282535","https://openalex.org/W2565907224","https://openalex.org/W2605525395","https://openalex.org/W2737587394","https://openalex.org/W2740234477","https://openalex.org/W2792789292","https://openalex.org/W2793206191","https://openalex.org/W2801371855","https://openalex.org/W2845043204","https://openalex.org/W2888079598","https://openalex.org/W2898225544","https://openalex.org/W2905586127","https://openalex.org/W2915156341","https://openalex.org/W2939526242","https://openalex.org/W2944315498","https://openalex.org/W2970566789","https://openalex.org/W2972445383","https://openalex.org/W2986795935","https://openalex.org/W2989868186","https://openalex.org/W3005684907","https://openalex.org/W3048467963","https://openalex.org/W3080658568","https://openalex.org/W3088967933","https://openalex.org/W3113162495","https://openalex.org/W3126136377","https://openalex.org/W3128751005","https://openalex.org/W3155294739","https://openalex.org/W3160199995","https://openalex.org/W3195680250","https://openalex.org/W3208036004","https://openalex.org/W4213077023","https://openalex.org/W4213305548","https://openalex.org/W4220896006","https://openalex.org/W4224226435","https://openalex.org/W4280540670","https://openalex.org/W4281906941","https://openalex.org/W4285118104","https://openalex.org/W4285220706","https://openalex.org/W4286488471","https://openalex.org/W4293431247","https://openalex.org/W4294982617","https://openalex.org/W4296994343","https://openalex.org/W4297229106","https://openalex.org/W4303712284","https://openalex.org/W4308422404","https://openalex.org/W4309154445","https://openalex.org/W4313174306","https://openalex.org/W4313367185","https://openalex.org/W4323338319","https://openalex.org/W4361757231","https://openalex.org/W4364377616","https://openalex.org/W4385147221","https://openalex.org/W4386065270"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4367336074","https://openalex.org/W4379620016","https://openalex.org/W3154045278","https://openalex.org/W3210764983","https://openalex.org/W4367335949","https://openalex.org/W4285162676","https://openalex.org/W4382052559","https://openalex.org/W3036529732","https://openalex.org/W2780266336","https://openalex.org/W4309640013"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,62,137],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,16,44,144,156,242],"method":[4],"for":[5,75,205,226,248],"underwater":[6],"target":[7,45,77],"recognition":[8,186,199],"based":[9],"on":[10,175],"micro\u2010Doppler":[11,30,58,91,252],"effects":[12],"(called":[13,27],"STR_MD)":[14],"using":[15,178],"majority":[17],"voting":[18],"ensemble":[19,138],"classifier":[20,139],"weighted":[21],"with":[22,103,230],"particle":[23],"swarm":[24],"optimization":[25],"(PSO)":[26],"MV\u2010PSO).":[28],"The":[29,180,192],"effect":[31],"refers":[32],"to":[33,97,129,143,170],"amplitude/phase":[34],"modulation":[35],"of":[36,43,83,133],"the":[37,72,81,84,98,131,134,185,197,206,227],"received":[38],"signal":[39],"by":[40],"rotating":[41],"parts":[42],"such":[46],"as":[47,161],"propellers.":[48],"Since":[49],"different":[50],"targets\u2019":[51],"geometric":[52],"and":[53,89,95,122,189,202,214,221,225,236,250],"physical":[54],"properties":[55],"differ,":[56],"their":[57],"signature":[59],"is":[60,169],"different.":[61],"inconsistency":[63],"can":[64],"be":[65],"considered":[66],"an":[67,141],"effective":[68],"issue":[69],"(especially":[70],"in":[71,155,164,246],"frequency":[73],"domain)":[74],"sonar":[76,253],"recognition.":[78],"To":[79],"demonstrate":[80],"effectiveness":[82],"proposed":[85,135],"method,":[86],"both":[87],"simulated":[88,207,249],"practical":[90,228,251],"data":[92,208],"are":[93,184],"produced":[94],"applied":[96],"designed":[99],"STR_MD.":[100],"Also,":[101],"MV\u2010PSO":[102,240],"six":[104],"well\u2010known":[105],"basic":[106,153],"classifiers,":[107],"k\u2010nearest":[108],"neighbors":[109],"(k\u2010NN),":[110],"Naive":[111],"Bayes":[112],"(NB),":[113],"decision":[114],"tree":[115],"(DT),":[116],"MLP_NN,":[117],"support":[118],"vector":[119],"machine":[120],"(SVM),":[121],"random":[123],"forest":[124],"(RF),":[125],"has":[126,241],"been":[127],"used":[128],"evaluate":[130],"performance":[132,177,181,245],"method.":[136],"assigns":[140],"instance":[142],"class":[145],"that":[146,196],"most":[147],"base":[148],"classifiers":[149,154],"agree":[150],"on.":[151],"However,":[152],"set":[157],"seldom":[158],"work":[159],"just":[160],"well.":[162],"Therefore,":[163],"this":[165],"case,":[166],"one":[167],"strategy":[168],"weigh":[171],"each":[172],"classification":[173],"depending":[174],"its":[176],"PSO.":[179],"parameters":[182],"measured":[183],"score,":[187],"reliability,":[188,201],"processing":[190,203],"time.":[191],"simulation":[193],"results":[194],"showed":[195],"correct":[198],"rate,":[200],"time":[204],"at":[209],"SNR":[210],"=":[211,232],"5":[212],"dB":[213],"10\u00b0":[215],"viewing":[216],"angle":[217],"were":[218],"98.50,":[219],"98.89,":[220],"9.81":[222],"s,":[223],"respectively,":[224],"dataset":[229],"RPM":[231],"1200,":[233],"100,":[234,235],"4.43,":[237],"respectively.":[238],"Thus,":[239],"more":[243],"encouraging":[244],"STR_MD":[247],"datasets.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}