{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4213432530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7382098","title":"A Distributed Unequal Clustering Routing Protocol Based on the Improved Sine Cosine Algorithm for WSN","display_name":"A Distributed Unequal Clustering Routing Protocol Based on the Improved Sine Cosine Algorithm for WSN","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4213432530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7382098"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2022/7382098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7382098","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2022/7382098.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2022/7382098.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042675028","display_name":"Fang Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4254-819X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4254-819X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053130063","display_name":"Wenhao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1423-6917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenhao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1423-6917","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053130063"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"],"apc_list":{"value":2375,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2375},"apc_paid":{"value":2375,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2375},"fwci":1.1327,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7681013,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2022","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6330993175506592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6101517677307129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5868854522705078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.578900158405304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.5504782795906067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5456124544143677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.5455668568611145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5102658271789551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.45545899868011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4405125081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.35855329036712646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.240882009267807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.20114365220069885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1361783742904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08749690651893616}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6330993175506592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6101517677307129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5868854522705078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.578900158405304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.5504782795906067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5456124544143677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.5455668568611145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5102658271789551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.45545899868011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4405125081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.35855329036712646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.240882009267807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.20114365220069885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1361783742904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08749690651893616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2022/7382098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7382098","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2022/7382098.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2f4764af7da049f59c8f8d62e5ec98f7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2f4764af7da049f59c8f8d62e5ec98f7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors, Vol 2022 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2022/7382098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7382098","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2022/7382098.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4213432530.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4213432530.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574969297","https://openalex.org/W1579298160","https://openalex.org/W1984040203","https://openalex.org/W2016806370","https://openalex.org/W2106335692","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2155492251","https://openalex.org/W2232317135","https://openalex.org/W2290883490","https://openalex.org/W2329979235","https://openalex.org/W2597477687","https://openalex.org/W2604052967","https://openalex.org/W2764276599","https://openalex.org/W2766364376","https://openalex.org/W2790662215","https://openalex.org/W2889722070","https://openalex.org/W2897244749","https://openalex.org/W2923068687","https://openalex.org/W2980751783","https://openalex.org/W2998553334","https://openalex.org/W3033705015","https://openalex.org/W3037229307","https://openalex.org/W3087654240","https://openalex.org/W3091753856","https://openalex.org/W3110643500","https://openalex.org/W3169030234","https://openalex.org/W3172211216","https://openalex.org/W3208982326"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3204184292","https://openalex.org/W3176564347","https://openalex.org/W1985458517","https://openalex.org/W2355833770","https://openalex.org/W3031039437","https://openalex.org/W3095877357","https://openalex.org/W183202219","https://openalex.org/W2111773953","https://openalex.org/W1993210935","https://openalex.org/W2781863720"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,44],"order":[1,183],"to":[2,62,81,102,130,165,170,175,184,192,242,261,285],"balance":[3,94,311],"the":[4,10,27,47,52,56,60,63,67,77,85,104,109,123,128,131,134,143,148,153,159,162,166,190,198,224,227,236,244,248,251,265,282,287,303,312,319],"overall":[5,313],"energy":[6,11,54,87,95,125,149,275,315],"consumption":[7,96,316],"and":[8,66,84,133,158,188,208,301,317],"improve":[9,189],"efficiency":[12],"of":[13,55,69,88,97,126,136,145,150,155,195,226,247,264,271],"wireless":[14],"sensor":[15],"network":[16,314,320],"(WSN),":[17],"a":[18,38,73,114,177],"distributed":[19],"energy-balanced":[20,288],"unequal":[21],"clustering":[22,179],"routing":[23],"protocol":[24],"based":[25,203,293],"on":[26,51,122,204,294],"improved":[28,199],"sine":[29],"cosine":[30],"algorithm":[31,201],"(DUCISCA)":[32],"is":[33,90,211,229,240,253,279],"proposed.":[34,91,212],"Firstly,":[35,223],"DUCISCA":[36,308],"adopts":[37,113],"time-based":[39,115],"cluster":[40,58,151,167,272],"head":[41],"competition":[42,74],"algorithm.":[43,249],"this":[45],"algorithm,":[46],"broadcast":[48,116],"time":[49,120],"depends":[50,121],"residual":[53,86,124,274],"candidate":[57],"head,":[59,152],"distance":[61,78,129,160],"base":[64,82],"station,":[65],"number":[68,135,154],"neighbour":[70,137,156],"nodes.":[71,146],"Secondly,":[72,235],"radius":[75],"considering":[76],"from":[79,161],"node":[80,89,164],"station":[83],"It":[92],"can":[93,140,309],"nodes":[98],"in":[99,182,276],"different":[100],"locations":[101],"avoid":[103],"\u201chot":[105],"spot\u201d":[106],"problem.":[107],"At":[108],"same":[110],"time,":[111],"it":[112],"mechanism.":[117],"The":[118,213,268],"waiting":[119],"CCHs,":[127],"BS,":[132],"nodes,":[138,157],"which":[139],"effectively":[141,310],"reduce":[142],"overhead":[144],"Thirdly,":[147],"ordinary":[163],"heads":[168],"need":[169],"be":[171],"taken":[172,280],"into":[173],"account":[174],"get":[176],"better":[178],"result.":[180],"Finally,":[181,250],"speed":[185,246],"up":[186],"convergence":[187,245],"ability":[191],"jump":[193,262],"out":[194,263],"local":[196,266],"optimum,":[197],"sine-cosine":[200],"(ISCA)":[202],"Latin":[205],"hypercube":[206],"sampling":[207],"adaptive":[209,237],"mutation":[210,257],"improvement":[214],"strategies":[215],"adopted":[216],"by":[217,255],"ISCA":[218],"are":[219],"expressed":[220],"as":[221,281],"follows:":[222],"diversity":[225],"population":[228,233,252],"enhanced":[230],"through":[231],"LHS":[232],"initialization.":[234],"weight":[238],"strategy":[239],"introduced":[241],"accelerate":[243],"disturbed":[254],"Gaussian":[256],"or":[258],"Levy":[259],"flight":[260],"optimum.":[267],"standard":[269],"deviation":[270],"heads\u2019":[273],"intercluster":[277,289],"communication":[278],"objective":[283],"function":[284],"search":[286],"data":[290],"forwarding":[291],"path":[292],"ISCA.":[295],"Compared":[296],"with":[297],"EEUC,":[298],"DEBUC,":[299],"I-EEUC,":[300],"M-DEBUC,":[302],"simulation":[304],"results":[305],"prove":[306],"that":[307],"prolong":[318],"lifetime.":[321]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
