{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205737054","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5945117","title":"Recognition of Gurmukhi Handwritten City Names Using Deep Learning and Cloud Computing","display_name":"Recognition of Gurmukhi Handwritten City Names Using Deep Learning and Cloud Computing","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205737054","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5945117"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2022/5945117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5945117","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/sp/2022/5945117.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166774750","display_name":"Scientific Programming","issn_l":"1058-9244","issn":["1058-9244","1875-919X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/sp/2022/5945117.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115600144","display_name":"Sandhya Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1616-7986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74319210","display_name":"Chitkara University","ror":"https://ror.org/057d6z539","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandhya Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078742860","display_name":"Sheifali Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5692-418X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74319210","display_name":"Chitkara University","ror":"https://ror.org/057d6z539","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheifali Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Patiala, Punjab, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Patiala, Punjab, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055907404","display_name":"Deepali Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3207-5248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74319210","display_name":"Chitkara University","ror":"https://ror.org/057d6z539","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepali Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Patiala, Punjab, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Patiala, Punjab, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sapna Juneja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4601-7679"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sapna Juneja","raw_affiliation_strings":["KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi, Ghaziabad, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi, Ghaziabad, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004356009","display_name":"Gaurav Singal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7570-6292"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36090812","display_name":"Netaji Subhas University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01fczmh85","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36090812"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaurav Singal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Netaji Subhash University of Technology, Delhi NCR, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Netaji Subhash University of Technology, Delhi NCR, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36090812"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078484420","display_name":"Gaurav Dhiman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6343-5197"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaurav Dhiman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Govt. Bikram College of Commerce, Patiala, Punjab, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Govt. Bikram College of Commerce, Patiala, Punjab, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008456520","display_name":"Sandeep Kautish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5120-5741"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sandeep Kautish","raw_affiliation_strings":["LBEF Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LBEF Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008456520"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1800},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1800},"fwci":3.8794,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94735977,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2022","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14319","display_name":"Currency Recognition and Detection","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.857396125793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7815296649932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7474666833877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.7403340339660645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6782220602035522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5936490893363953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-gradient-descent","display_name":"Stochastic gradient descent","score":0.5386595129966736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5024693012237549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.4389907121658325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.4368700385093689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.428339421749115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.42404744029045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.4193541705608368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32407665252685547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.857396125793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7815296649932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7474666833877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.7403340339660645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6782220602035522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5936490893363953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206688291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617819","display_name":"Stochastic gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.5386595129966736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5024693012237549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.4389907121658325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.4368700385093689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.428339421749115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.42404744029045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.4193541705608368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32407665252685547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2022/5945117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5945117","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/sp/2022/5945117.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166774750","display_name":"Scientific Programming","issn_l":"1058-9244","issn":["1058-9244","1875-919X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:61159875d8b24a63ad57883250a726c4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/61159875d8b24a63ad57883250a726c4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Programming, Vol 2022 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2022/5945117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5945117","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/sp/2022/5945117.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166774750","display_name":"Scientific Programming","issn_l":"1058-9244","issn":["1058-9244","1875-919X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.800000011920929,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205737054.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205737054.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978492097","https://openalex.org/W1997092978","https://openalex.org/W2015515497","https://openalex.org/W2021189317","https://openalex.org/W2116128970","https://openalex.org/W2132032936","https://openalex.org/W2188591288","https://openalex.org/W2319226954","https://openalex.org/W2405472697","https://openalex.org/W2585425668","https://openalex.org/W2791061386","https://openalex.org/W2796978830","https://openalex.org/W2799441690","https://openalex.org/W2807954856","https://openalex.org/W2877986430","https://openalex.org/W2906988114","https://openalex.org/W2919320878","https://openalex.org/W2943102408","https://openalex.org/W2947411064","https://openalex.org/W2982665925","https://openalex.org/W3021970402","https://openalex.org/W3027964958","https://openalex.org/W3203620741","https://openalex.org/W3208590268","https://openalex.org/W6677375314","https://openalex.org/W6687370887"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973","https://openalex.org/W4377865163","https://openalex.org/W4287755480","https://openalex.org/W3193857078","https://openalex.org/W2888956734","https://openalex.org/W3208304128"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,21,185],"challenges":[1],"involved":[2],"in":[3,89,116,201],"the":[4,11,16,41,50,64,67,79,90,111,117,134,145,196,214,232],"traditional":[5,44],"cloud":[6,19,23],"computing":[7,24,70],"paradigms":[8],"have":[9,49],"prompted":[10],"development":[12],"of":[13,32,43,57,66,92,98,104,110,119,136,144,147,171,180,195,223,228,237],"architectures":[14,25],"for":[15,82],"next":[17,68],"generation":[18,69],"computing.":[20],"new":[22],"can":[26,61],"generate":[27],"and":[28,86,157,161,174,176,183,189,225],"handle":[29,39],"huge":[30,55],"amount":[31,56],"data,":[33],"which":[34,141],"was":[35],"not":[36],"possible":[37],"to":[38,52],"with":[40,167],"help":[42],"architectures.":[45],"Deep":[46],"learning":[47,76,149,177],"algorithms":[48],"ability":[51],"process":[53],"this":[54,95],"data":[58],"and,":[59],"thus,":[60],"now":[62],"solve":[63],"problem":[65],"algorithms.":[71],"Therefore,":[72],"these":[73],"days,":[74],"deep":[75,148],"has":[77,207,230],"become":[78],"state-of-the-art":[80],"approach":[81,127],"solving":[83],"various":[84],"tasks":[85],"most":[87],"importantly":[88],"field":[91,118],"recognition.":[93],"In":[94],"work,":[96],"recognition":[97,123],"city":[99,106,198],"names":[100,107,199],"is":[101,108,142,154,187],"proposed.":[102],"Recognition":[103],"handwritten":[105,197],"one":[109,143],"potential":[112],"research":[113],"application":[114],"areas":[115],"postal":[120],"automation":[121],"For":[122],"using":[124,159,217],"a":[125,168,226],"segmentation-free":[126],"(Holistic":[128],"approach).":[129],"This":[130],"proposed":[131],"work":[132],"demystifies":[133],"role":[135],"convolutional":[137],"neural":[138],"network":[139],"(CNN),":[140],"methods":[146],"technique.":[150],"Proposed":[151],"CNN":[152,215],"model":[153,186],"trained,":[155],"validated,":[156],"analyzed":[158],"Adam":[160,219],"stochastic":[162],"gradient":[163],"descent":[164],"(SGD)":[165],"optimizer":[166],"batch":[169,221],"size":[170,222],"2,":[172],"4,":[173,224],"8":[175],"rate":[178],"(LR)":[179],"0.001,":[181,229],"0.01,":[182],"0.1.":[184],"trained":[188],"validated":[190],"on":[191],"10":[192],"different":[193],"classes":[194],"written":[200],"Gurmukhi":[202],"script,":[203],"where":[204],"each":[205],"class":[206],"400":[208],"samples.":[209],"Our":[210],"analysis":[211],"shows":[212],"that":[213],"model,":[216],"an":[218],"optimizer,":[220],"LR":[227],"achieved":[231],"best":[233],"average":[234],"validation":[235],"accuracy":[236],"99.13.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
