{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289028817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2095048","title":"Machine Learning to Assess Relatedness: The Advantage of Using Firm\u2010Level Data","display_name":"Machine Learning to Assess Relatedness: The Advantage of Using Firm\u2010Level Data","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4289028817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2095048"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2022/2095048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2095048","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2022/2095048.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2022/2095048.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043942237","display_name":"Giambattista Albora","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8154-1607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108754","display_name":"Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi","ror":"https://ror.org/01qb1sw63","country_code":"IT","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108754"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giambattista Albora","raw_affiliation_strings":["Enrico Fermi Center for Study and Research, Rome, Italy","Sapienza University, Department of Physics, Rome, Italy","Enrico Fermi Center for Study and Research, Rome","Sapienza University, Department of Physics, Rome"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8154-1607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Enrico Fermi Center for Study and Research, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108754"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University, Department of Physics, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Enrico Fermi Center for Study and Research, Rome","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108754"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University, Department of Physics, Rome","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026900342","display_name":"Andrea Zaccaria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4478-3292"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108754","display_name":"Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi","ror":"https://ror.org/01qb1sw63","country_code":"IT","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108754"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149433","display_name":"Institute for Complex Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/05rcgef49","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149433","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Zaccaria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Enrico Fermi Center for Study and Research, Rome, Italy","Institute for Complex Systems-CNR, UOS Sapienza, Rome, Italy","Institute for Complex Systems-CNR, UOS Sapienza, Rome","Enrico Fermi Center for Study and Research, Rome"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4478-3292","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Enrico Fermi Center for Study and Research, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108754"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Complex Systems-CNR, UOS Sapienza, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Complex Systems-CNR, UOS Sapienza, Rome","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Enrico Fermi Center for Study and Research, Rome","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108754"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043942237"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108754","https://openalex.org/I861853513"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"fwci":3.0583,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92865404,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2022","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.9437000155448914,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12786","display_name":"Innovation and Socioeconomic Development","score":0.9041000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1403","display_name":"Business and International Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5598376989364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5037989020347595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4576491415500641}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5598376989364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5037989020347595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4576491415500641}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2022/2095048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2095048","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2022/2095048.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f0596408091144a193c6354c1735b8b7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f0596408091144a193c6354c1735b8b7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complexity, Vol 2022 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniroma1.it:11573/1651642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11573/1651642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196107","display_name":"IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2022/2095048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2095048","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2022/2095048.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289028817.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289028817.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494052777","https://openalex.org/W1563688163","https://openalex.org/W1587867038","https://openalex.org/W1873332500","https://openalex.org/W1893639437","https://openalex.org/W1966716734","https://openalex.org/W1987869189","https://openalex.org/W2006939218","https://openalex.org/W2008525336","https://openalex.org/W2024255776","https://openalex.org/W2032273054","https://openalex.org/W2032911731","https://openalex.org/W2033947830","https://openalex.org/W2050805565","https://openalex.org/W2064927380","https://openalex.org/W2086775403","https://openalex.org/W2093040750","https://openalex.org/W2096775067","https://openalex.org/W2097854541","https://openalex.org/W2109553965","https://openalex.org/W2124119140","https://openalex.org/W2127048411","https://openalex.org/W2129018774","https://openalex.org/W2157825442","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2512714520","https://openalex.org/W2620760558","https://openalex.org/W2783863067","https://openalex.org/W2797928606","https://openalex.org/W2841578226","https://openalex.org/W2883175180","https://openalex.org/W2889965204","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2946021106","https://openalex.org/W2979850911","https://openalex.org/W2999309192","https://openalex.org/W3095351318","https://openalex.org/W3097501106","https://openalex.org/W3098239715","https://openalex.org/W3099802519","https://openalex.org/W3101409477","https://openalex.org/W3102635506","https://openalex.org/W3102641634","https://openalex.org/W3105859815","https://openalex.org/W3110060022","https://openalex.org/W3121517516","https://openalex.org/W3161111937","https://openalex.org/W3183008420","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4243367342","https://openalex.org/W4289028817"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"relatedness":[1,36,130,158],"between":[2],"a":[3,6,9,12,25,30,117,189,217,220,231],"country":[4,107,162],"or":[5],"firm":[7,109,186],"and":[8,32,62,108,203,213],"product":[10,46],"is":[11,24,37,49,77,131],"measure":[13],"of":[14,17,45,87,96,147,178,192,199,210,223],"the":[15,84,93,103,106,124,134,144,176,197,226,236],"feasibility":[16],"that":[18,48,112,129,156,216],"economic":[19],"activity.":[20],"As":[21],"such,":[22],"it":[23],"driver":[26],"for":[27,167,175],"investments":[28],"at":[29,105],"private":[31],"institutional":[33],"level.":[34],"Traditionally,":[35],"measured":[38],"using":[39,99,140,200],"networks":[40,61],"derived":[41],"by":[42,98,139],"country\u2010level":[43,70],"co\u2010occurrences":[44],"pairs,":[47],"counting":[50],"how":[51],"many":[52],"countries":[53],"export":[54],"both.":[55],"In":[56,180],"this":[57,181],"work,":[58],"we":[59,154],"compare":[60,92],"machine":[63,141],"learning":[64,142],"algorithms":[65,206],"trained":[66],"not":[67,79,165],"only":[68],"on":[69,74,143,161,185],"data,":[71],"but":[72],"also":[73,174,195],"firms,":[75,168],"which":[76],"something":[78],"much":[80],"studied":[81],"due":[82],"to":[83,101,120,151,207],"low":[85],"availability":[86],"firm\u2010level":[88,169],"data.":[89],"We":[90,194],"quantitatively":[91],"different":[94],"measures":[95,159],"relatedness,":[97],"them":[100],"forecast":[102],"exports":[104],"level,":[110],"assuming":[111],"more":[113],"related":[114,211],"products":[115],"have":[116],"higher":[118,221],"likelihood":[119],"be":[121],"exported":[122],"in":[123],"future.":[125],"Our":[126],"results":[127],"show":[128],"scale":[132],"dependent:":[133],"best":[135],"assessments":[136],"are":[137,164,171],"obtained":[138],"same":[145],"typology":[146],"data":[148,163,170,187],"one":[149],"wants":[150],"predict.":[152],"Moreover,":[153],"found":[155],"while":[157,229],"based":[160],"suitable":[166],"very":[172],"informative":[173],"development":[177],"countries.":[179],"sense,":[182],"models":[183],"built":[184],"provide":[188],"better":[190],"assessment":[191],"relatedness.":[193],"discuss":[196],"effect":[198],"parameter":[201],"optimization":[202],"community":[204],"detection":[205],"identify":[208],"clusters":[209],"companies":[212],"products,":[214],"finding":[215],"partition":[218],"into":[219],"number":[222],"blocks":[224],"decreases":[225],"computational":[227],"time":[228],"maintaining":[230],"prediction":[232],"performance":[233],"well":[234],"above":[235],"network\u2010based":[237],"benchmarks.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-03T09:05:47.796612","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}