{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289518012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1222692","title":"Effective Preprocessing and Normalization Techniques for COVID-19 Twitter Streams with POS Tagging via Lightweight Hidden Markov Model","display_name":"Effective Preprocessing and Normalization Techniques for COVID-19 Twitter Streams with POS Tagging via Lightweight Hidden Markov Model","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4289518012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1222692"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2022/1222692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1222692","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2022/1222692.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2022/1222692.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101777894","display_name":"Senthil Kumar Narayanasamy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2951-5740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Senthil Kumar Narayanasamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2951-5740","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091679175","display_name":"Yuh\u2010Chung Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0183-8182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75430998","display_name":"National Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/01npf0s58","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75430998"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuh-Chung Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Electromechanical Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0183-8182","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Electromechanical Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75430998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015732743","display_name":"Saeed Mian Qaisar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4268-3482"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125656591","display_name":"Effat University","ror":"https://ror.org/02cnwgt19","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125656591"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Mian Qaisar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Effat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4268-3482","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Effat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125656591"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073849385","display_name":"Kathiravan Srinivasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9352-0237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kathiravan Srinivasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9352-0237","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073849385"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":1.2743,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84204857,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2022","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8361560702323914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.6820743083953857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.6283080577850342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.5936079025268555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5913155674934387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5864231586456299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexical-analysis","display_name":"Lexical analysis","score":0.5560514330863953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.518743097782135}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8361560702323914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.6820743083953857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.6283080577850342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.5936079025268555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5913155674934387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5864231586456299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176982825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835922","display_name":"Lexical analysis","level":2,"score":0.5560514330863953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.518743097782135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2022/1222692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1222692","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2022/1222692.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6e0bb520847a46fd98a28a9ba730f2bb","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6e0bb520847a46fd98a28a9ba730f2bb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors, Vol 2022 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2022/1222692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1222692","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2022/1222692.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289518012.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289518012.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10957333","https://openalex.org/W1489876814","https://openalex.org/W2013563212","https://openalex.org/W2016443085","https://openalex.org/W2024300796","https://openalex.org/W2060025295","https://openalex.org/W2078283455","https://openalex.org/W2090805977","https://openalex.org/W2091746061","https://openalex.org/W2096175520","https://openalex.org/W2096438711","https://openalex.org/W2122369144","https://openalex.org/W2138181100","https://openalex.org/W2138738738","https://openalex.org/W2143933463","https://openalex.org/W2145111356","https://openalex.org/W2250660051","https://openalex.org/W2251418581","https://openalex.org/W2253936196","https://openalex.org/W2480904509","https://openalex.org/W2554522938","https://openalex.org/W2579198251","https://openalex.org/W2589001395","https://openalex.org/W2606102605","https://openalex.org/W2613860661","https://openalex.org/W2623100364","https://openalex.org/W2711122919","https://openalex.org/W2750779823","https://openalex.org/W2754117517","https://openalex.org/W2760051178","https://openalex.org/W2763882345","https://openalex.org/W2793467554","https://openalex.org/W2803762112","https://openalex.org/W2805241691","https://openalex.org/W2887306344","https://openalex.org/W2890705133","https://openalex.org/W2914314925","https://openalex.org/W2922580172","https://openalex.org/W2958529963","https://openalex.org/W2982281530","https://openalex.org/W2990711610","https://openalex.org/W2995212654","https://openalex.org/W2995954664","https://openalex.org/W3007508546","https://openalex.org/W3014143627","https://openalex.org/W3016422726","https://openalex.org/W3028725129","https://openalex.org/W3032537663","https://openalex.org/W3034165769","https://openalex.org/W3043424264","https://openalex.org/W3096996735","https://openalex.org/W3102400851","https://openalex.org/W3110641752","https://openalex.org/W3173333268","https://openalex.org/W3182593390","https://openalex.org/W3183859557","https://openalex.org/W3208952933","https://openalex.org/W4200238412","https://openalex.org/W4210934481","https://openalex.org/W4226298886","https://openalex.org/W4285284667","https://openalex.org/W4285297413","https://openalex.org/W6600426076","https://openalex.org/W6759047975"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2364370872","https://openalex.org/W4386014872","https://openalex.org/W2053269318","https://openalex.org/W2793132289","https://openalex.org/W2725310424","https://openalex.org/W4292346028","https://openalex.org/W4282591925","https://openalex.org/W2963023579","https://openalex.org/W2766198569","https://openalex.org/W3217218495"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,113],"major":[1],"focus":[2],"of":[3,39,110,159,169,182,190],"this":[4,149,173],"research":[5],"work":[6,52],"is":[7,65,175,193],"to":[8,85,122,138,143,195,206],"refine":[9],"the":[10,15,21,40,80,87,91,96,108,111,124,129,135,140,145,152,160,166,170,179,187,201,209],"basic":[11],"preprocessing":[12,41],"steps":[13],"for":[14,25,178],"unstructured":[16],"text":[17,45,69,82,101,192],"content":[18],"and":[19,33,48,73,94,103,132,163,185,198],"retrieve":[20],"potential":[22],"conceptual":[23],"features":[24,127],"further":[26],"enhancement":[27],"processes":[28],"such":[29,43,70,99],"as":[30,44,71,100,157],"semantic":[31],"enrichment":[32],"named":[34],"entity":[35,183],"recognition.":[36],"Although":[37],"some":[38],"techniques":[42,84,142],"tokenization,":[46],"normalization,":[47],"Part-of-Speech":[49],"(POS)":[50],"tagging":[51],"exceedingly":[53],"well":[54,62],"on":[55],"formal":[56],"text,":[57],"it":[58,64],"has":[59,118],"not":[60],"performed":[61],"when":[63],"applied":[66],"into":[67],"informal":[68,191],"tweets":[72],"short":[74],"messages.":[75],"Hence,":[76],"we":[77],"have":[78],"given":[79],"enhanced":[81],"normalization":[83],"reduce":[86],"complexity":[88],"persist":[89],"over":[90],"twitter":[92],"streams":[93],"eliminate":[95],"overfitting":[97],"issues":[98,210],"anomalies":[102],"irregular":[104],"boundaries":[105],"while":[106],"fixing":[107],"grammar":[109],"text.":[112],"hidden":[114],"Markov":[115,150,161],"model":[116],"(HMM)":[117],"been":[119],"pervasively":[120],"used":[121],"extract":[123],"core":[125],"lexical":[126],"from":[128],"Twitter":[130],"dataset":[131],"suitably":[133],"adapt":[134],"external":[136],"documents":[137],"supplement":[139],"extraction":[141,184],"complement":[144],"tweet":[146],"context.":[147],"Using":[148],"process,":[151,162],"POS":[153],"tags":[154],"are":[155,165],"identified":[156],"states":[158],"words":[164],"desired":[167],"results":[168],"model.":[171],"As":[172],"process":[174],"very":[176],"crucial":[177],"next":[180],"stage":[181],"classification,":[186],"effective":[188,203],"handling":[189],"considered":[194],"be":[196],"important":[197],"therefore":[199],"proposed":[200],"most":[202],"hybrid":[204],"approach":[205],"deal":[207],"with":[208],"appropriately.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
