{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3179993171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9984787","title":"A Novel Neural Network Model for Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition under Extreme Conditions","display_name":"A Novel Neural Network Model for Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition under Extreme Conditions","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3179993171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9984787","mag":"3179993171"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/9984787","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9984787","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2021/9984787.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2021/9984787.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075466909","display_name":"Haifeng Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9613-2889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18452120","display_name":"Yantai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rp41m56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haifeng Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China","School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9613-2889","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002631807","display_name":"Lei Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4272-9417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIRO, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia","CSIRO, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4272-9417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069563759","display_name":"Manman Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0803-4590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18452120","display_name":"Yantai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rp41m56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manman Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China","School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066544190","display_name":"Qinglong You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3299-3348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinglong You","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710064, China","School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710064"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710064","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067552573","display_name":"Hui Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4260-3809"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18452120","display_name":"Yantai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rp41m56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China","School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050782811","display_name":"Qirun Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9541-3294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18452120","display_name":"Yantai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rp41m56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qirun Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China","School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8451-4572","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075466909"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":3.2003,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93360232,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.6778416633605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5476369857788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign-recognition","display_name":"Traffic sign recognition","score":0.5394424200057983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5045212507247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4616263210773468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign","display_name":"Traffic sign","score":0.45663148164749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4557878077030182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1328643262386322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6778416633605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5476369857788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6528762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1574298","display_name":"Traffic sign recognition","level":4,"score":0.5394424200057983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5045212507247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4616263210773468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983860417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170285","display_name":"Traffic sign","level":3,"score":0.45663148164749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4557878077030182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1328643262386322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/9984787","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9984787","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2021/9984787.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5008d84a2b334079afe179058a28d372","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5008d84a2b334079afe179058a28d372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/9984787","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9984787","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2021/9984787.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2309796550","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2020ME238","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3179993171.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3179993171.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W401751405","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1997975505","https://openalex.org/W2002427601","https://openalex.org/W2066327668","https://openalex.org/W2074643422","https://openalex.org/W2077700073","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2150581781","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2479866714","https://openalex.org/W2480140235","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2605579118","https://openalex.org/W2737992905","https://openalex.org/W2791012243","https://openalex.org/W2791496413","https://openalex.org/W2792806930","https://openalex.org/W2887850625","https://openalex.org/W2909471159","https://openalex.org/W2913657597","https://openalex.org/W2962905099","https://openalex.org/W2962951509","https://openalex.org/W2963037463","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2992060548","https://openalex.org/W2997408160","https://openalex.org/W2997747012","https://openalex.org/W3000770096","https://openalex.org/W3001261202","https://openalex.org/W3024155585","https://openalex.org/W3036679350","https://openalex.org/W3038952158","https://openalex.org/W3039975350","https://openalex.org/W3042406688","https://openalex.org/W3080505680","https://openalex.org/W3094897602","https://openalex.org/W3102076509","https://openalex.org/W3104977503","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3111897001","https://openalex.org/W3123751661","https://openalex.org/W3133062133","https://openalex.org/W6766029800"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382897155","https://openalex.org/W4283820116","https://openalex.org/W4379231512","https://openalex.org/W4378699879","https://openalex.org/W3128164723","https://openalex.org/W4286647459","https://openalex.org/W2899819381","https://openalex.org/W2557202782","https://openalex.org/W3215426395","https://openalex.org/W2772251146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traffic":[0,33],"sign":[1,252],"detection":[2,16,46,253],"is":[3],"extremely":[4,58],"important":[5],"in":[6,101],"autonomous":[7],"driving":[8],"and":[9,47,57,139,143,177,198,210,219,226],"transportation":[10],"safety":[11],"systems.":[12],"However,":[13],"the":[14,39,45,89,117,127,146,157,162,173,178,192,203,206,220,233,240,243,249],"accurate":[15],"of":[17,50,74,222,242],"traffic":[18,51,251],"signs":[19],"remains":[20],"challenging,":[21],"especially":[22,53],"under":[23,54],"extreme":[24],"conditions.":[25,61],"This":[26],"paper":[27],"proposes":[28],"a":[29,71,102],"novel":[30],"model":[31],"called":[32],"Sign":[34],"Yolo":[35],"(TS\u2010Yolo)":[36],"based":[37,77,129,231],"on":[38,78,83,130,232],"convolutional":[40],"neural":[41],"network":[42],"to":[43,69,96,125,134,202],"improve":[44],"recognition":[48],"accuracy":[49],"signs,":[52],"low":[55],"visibility":[56],"restricted":[59],"vision":[60],"A":[62],"copy\u2010and\u2010paste":[63],"data":[64,174,193,216],"augmentation":[65,217,237],"method":[66,245],"was":[67,94,123,164,167,183,186,208,224,246],"used":[68],"build":[70],"large":[72],"number":[73],"new":[75],"samples":[76],"existing":[79],"traffic\u2010sign":[80],"datasets.":[81],"Based":[82],"You":[84],"Only":[85],"Look":[86],"Once":[87],"(YoloV5),":[88],"mixed":[90],"depth\u2010wise":[91],"convolution":[92,104],"(MixConv)":[93],"employed":[95],"mix":[97],"different":[98,108],"kernel":[99],"sizes":[100],"single":[103],"operation,":[105],"so":[106],"that":[107,214,230],"patterns":[109],"with":[110,149,160,172,191,215,236,248],"various":[111],"resolutions":[112],"can":[113],"be":[114],"captured.":[115],"Furthermore,":[116],"attentional":[118],"feature":[119],"fusion":[120,148],"(AFF)":[121],"module":[122],"integrated":[124],"fuse":[126],"features":[128],"attention":[131],"from":[132],"same\u2010layer":[133],"cross\u2010layer":[135],"scenarios,":[136],"including":[137],"short":[138],"long":[140],"skip":[141],"connections,":[142],"even":[144],"performing":[145],"initial":[147],"itself.":[150],"The":[151],"experimental":[152],"results":[153],"demonstrated":[154],"that,":[155],"using":[156],"YoloV5":[158,234],"dataset":[159,235],"augmentation,":[161,176],"precision":[163,181,207],"71.92,":[165],"which":[166,185],"increased":[168,187],"by":[169,188],"34.56":[170],"compared":[171,190],"without":[175,194],"mean":[179],"average":[180],"mAP_0.5":[182,223],"80.05,":[184],"33.11":[189],"augmentation.":[195],"When":[196],"MixConv":[197],"AFF":[199],"were":[200],"applied":[201],"TS\u2010Yolo":[204],"model,":[205],"74.53":[209],"2.61":[211],"higher":[212,228],"than":[213,229],"only,":[218],"value":[221],"83.73":[225],"3.68":[227],"only.":[238],"Overall,":[239],"performance":[241],"proposed":[244],"competitive":[247],"latest":[250],"approaches.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}