{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3168439915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9960478","title":"Intelligent Prediction for Rock Porosity While Drilling Complex Lithology in Real Time","display_name":"Intelligent Prediction for Rock Porosity While Drilling Complex Lithology in Real Time","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3168439915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9960478","mag":"3168439915","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34221000"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/9960478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9960478","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2021/9960478.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72372694","display_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","issn_l":"1687-5265","issn":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2021/9960478.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001892404","display_name":"Hany Gamal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2133-1266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hany Gamal","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia","College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046818830","display_name":"Salaheldin Elkatatny","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7209-3715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Salaheldin Elkatatny","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia","College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046155862","display_name":"Ahmed Alsaihati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0214-7589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Alsaihati","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia","College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053834729","display_name":"Abdulazeez Abdulraheem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9994-4436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulazeez Abdulraheem","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia","College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046818830"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":4.8533,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95303446,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"1","first_page":"9960478","last_page":"9960478"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10892","display_name":"Drilling and Well Engineering","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10892","display_name":"Drilling and Well Engineering","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12282","display_name":"Mineral Processing and Grinding","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12482","display_name":"Tunneling and Rock Mechanics","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithology","display_name":"Lithology","score":0.8503221869468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/porosity","display_name":"Porosity","score":0.6701787710189819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.6656116247177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drilling","display_name":"Drilling","score":0.6609949469566345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logging-while-drilling","display_name":"Logging while drilling","score":0.4371630847454071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/petroleum-engineering","display_name":"Petroleum engineering","score":0.398891806602478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37700068950653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/petrology","display_name":"Petrology","score":0.3616161644458771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mining-engineering","display_name":"Mining engineering","score":0.3553837537765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.21932578086853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.11103564500808716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122792734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6538759","display_name":"Lithology","level":2,"score":0.8503221869468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6648577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669","display_name":"Porosity","level":2,"score":0.6701787710189819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.6656116247177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25197100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q890886","display_name":"Drilling","level":2,"score":0.6609949469566345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776386368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6667385","display_name":"Logging while drilling","level":3,"score":0.4371630847454071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78762247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174","display_name":"Petroleum engineering","level":1,"score":0.398891806602478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37700068950653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5900021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163082","display_name":"Petrology","level":1,"score":0.3616161644458771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16674752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1370637","display_name":"Mining engineering","level":1,"score":0.3553837537765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.21932578086853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.11103564500808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012399","descriptor_name":"Rotation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012399","descriptor_name":"Rotation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012399","descriptor_name":"Rotation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016062","descriptor_name":"Porosity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016062","descriptor_name":"Porosity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016062","descriptor_name":"Porosity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/9960478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9960478","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2021/9960478.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72372694","display_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","issn_l":"1687-5265","issn":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34221000","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34221000","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational intelligence and neuroscience","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:16c9ff71ef0f400bb44147b55b5c3319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/16c9ff71ef0f400bb44147b55b5c3319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8219418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8219418","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Comput Intell Neurosci","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/9960478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9960478","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2021/9960478.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72372694","display_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","issn_l":"1687-5265","issn":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3168439915.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3168439915.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1683666524","https://openalex.org/W1930624869","https://openalex.org/W1968647932","https://openalex.org/W1983430068","https://openalex.org/W1990476081","https://openalex.org/W1993209697","https://openalex.org/W1997299870","https://openalex.org/W2018168646","https://openalex.org/W2070381308","https://openalex.org/W2077200366","https://openalex.org/W2078963943","https://openalex.org/W2139336113","https://openalex.org/W2274639875","https://openalex.org/W2322071875","https://openalex.org/W2513563640","https://openalex.org/W2557120750","https://openalex.org/W2610428084","https://openalex.org/W2625189761","https://openalex.org/W2767833261","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2792561166","https://openalex.org/W2796603922","https://openalex.org/W2884637555","https://openalex.org/W2889679918","https://openalex.org/W2889705004","https://openalex.org/W2895895739","https://openalex.org/W2897416412","https://openalex.org/W2904045936","https://openalex.org/W2905009754","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2921288475","https://openalex.org/W2922383623","https://openalex.org/W2968149195","https://openalex.org/W2972521592","https://openalex.org/W2981180140","https://openalex.org/W2981835090","https://openalex.org/W2991093485","https://openalex.org/W3003329782","https://openalex.org/W3010080089","https://openalex.org/W3010661689","https://openalex.org/W3011249019","https://openalex.org/W3028914433","https://openalex.org/W3047765101","https://openalex.org/W3096455076","https://openalex.org/W3120523795","https://openalex.org/W3125935460","https://openalex.org/W3162788838","https://openalex.org/W4237842464","https://openalex.org/W4246523523","https://openalex.org/W4246848554","https://openalex.org/W4249430664","https://openalex.org/W6694128463"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3046484446","https://openalex.org/W2997935231","https://openalex.org/W2368516820","https://openalex.org/W2385549733","https://openalex.org/W2383619727","https://openalex.org/W2365906459","https://openalex.org/W2350236162","https://openalex.org/W2032659322","https://openalex.org/W2366203436","https://openalex.org/W2371424812"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rock":[0],"porosity":[1,23,41,169,190],"is":[2],"an":[3],"important":[4],"parameter":[5],"for":[6,19,94,102,127,159,172,198,229],"the":[7,21,31,39,61,96,104,167,173,186],"formation":[8],"evaluation,":[9],"reservoir":[10],"modeling,":[11],"and":[12,27,65,87,101,119,122,161,183,188,196,200,221,227,231,249,260],"petroleum":[13],"reserve":[14],"estimation.":[15],"The":[16,70,136,164,234],"conventional":[17],"methods":[18],"determining":[20],"rock":[22,40],"are":[24,146],"considered":[25],"costly":[26],"time-consuming":[28],"operations":[29],"during":[30],"well":[32],"drilling.":[33],"This":[34],"paper":[35],"aims":[36],"to":[37,132],"predict":[38],"in":[42],"real":[43],"time":[44],"while":[45,253],"drilling":[46,71],"complex":[47,114],"lithology":[48,115],"using":[49],"machine":[50],"learning.":[51],"In":[52],"this":[53],"paper,":[54],"two":[55,174],"intelligent":[56],"models":[57,97,106],"were":[58,92,130],"developed":[59,105],"utilizing":[60],"random":[62],"forest":[63],"(RF)":[64],"decision":[66],"tree":[67],"(DT)":[68],"techniques.":[69],"parameters":[72,126],"include":[73],"weight":[74],"on":[75,124],"bit,":[76],"torque,":[77],"standpipe":[78],"pressure,":[79],"drill":[80],"string":[81],"rotation":[82],"speed,":[83],"rate":[84],"of":[85,116,148,181,194,209,219,225,247,251,258,262],"penetration,":[86],"pump":[88],"rate.":[89],"Two":[90],"datasets":[91,112],"employed":[93],"building":[95],"(3767":[98],"data":[99,108],"points)":[100],"validating":[103],"(1676":[107],"points).":[109],"Both":[110],"collected":[111],"have":[113],"carbonate,":[117],"sandstone,":[118],"shale.":[120],"Sensitivity":[121],"optimization":[123],"different":[125],"each":[128],"technique":[129],"conducted":[131],"ensure":[133],"optimum":[134],"prediction.":[135],"models'":[137,235],"performance":[138,143,241],"was":[139],"checked":[140],"by":[141],"four":[142],"indices":[144],"which":[145],"coefficient":[147],"determination":[149],"(<i>R</i>":[150],"<sup>2</sup>),":[151],"average":[152],"absolute":[153],"percentage":[154],"error":[155],"(AAPE),":[156],"variance":[157],"account":[158],"(VAF),":[160],"a20":[162],"index.":[163],"results":[165],"indicated":[166],"strong":[168,210],"prediction":[170,211,240],"capability":[171],"models.":[175],"DT":[176,213,243],"model":[177],"showed":[178],"<i>R</i>":[179,217,245,256],"<sup>2</sup>":[180,218,246,257],"0.94":[182],"0.87":[184],"between":[185],"predicted":[187],"actual":[189],"values":[191],"with":[192,223],"AAPE":[193,224,250,261],"6.07":[195],"9%":[197],"training":[199,230],"testing,":[201,232],"respectively.":[202,233],"Generally,":[203],"RF":[204,215,254],"provided":[205],"a":[206,238],"higher":[207],"level":[208],"than":[212],"as":[214,242],"achieved":[216,244],"0.99":[220],"0.90":[222],"1.5":[226],"7%":[228],"validation":[236],"proved":[237],"high":[239],"0.88":[248],"8.58%,":[252],"has":[255],"0.92":[259],"6.5%.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
