{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3168900600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9926442","title":"Analyzing the Impact of Climate Factors on GNSS\u2010Derived Displacements by Combining the Extended Helmert Transformation and XGboost Machine Learning Algorithm","display_name":"Analyzing the Impact of Climate Factors on GNSS\u2010Derived Displacements by Combining the Extended Helmert Transformation and XGboost Machine Learning Algorithm","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3168900600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9926442","mag":"3168900600"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/9926442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9926442","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2021/9926442.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2021/9926442.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050043299","display_name":"Hanlin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2673-5289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanlin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China","Institute of Urban Smart Transportation & Safety Maintenance, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2673-5289","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Urban Smart Transportation & Safety Maintenance, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066433379","display_name":"Linqiang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-9925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117965899","display_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa","ror":"https://ror.org/01wspgy28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linqiang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-9925","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100445638","display_name":"Linchao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2574-0174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Linchao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China","Institute of Urban Smart Transportation & Safety Maintenance, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2574-0174","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Urban Smart Transportation & Safety Maintenance, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100445638"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"],"apc_list":{"value":2375,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2375},"apc_paid":{"value":2375,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2375},"fwci":6.4612,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96260266,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.774704098701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.5554875135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.413874089717865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40805262327194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2917841076850891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15431439876556396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.0730680525302887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.06581741571426392}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.774704098701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.5554875135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.413874089717865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40805262327194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2917841076850891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15431439876556396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0730680525302887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.06581741571426392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/9926442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9926442","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2021/9926442.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c7b44d8ab94c4983a1e2d354b93b325c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c7b44d8ab94c4983a1e2d354b93b325c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/9926442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9926442","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2021/9926442.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2734759912","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KQTD20180412181337494","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4317959479","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M682883","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G711045785","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019KQNCX126","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327517","funder_display_name":"Foundation for Distinguished Young Talents in Higher Education of Guangdong"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327517","display_name":"Foundation for Distinguished Young Talents in Higher Education of Guangdong","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337971","display_name":"National Weather Service","ror":"https://ror.org/00tgqzw13"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3168900600.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3168900600.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1509305892","https://openalex.org/W1947743590","https://openalex.org/W1969761972","https://openalex.org/W1980508618","https://openalex.org/W1994904043","https://openalex.org/W1995124328","https://openalex.org/W2003342124","https://openalex.org/W2006834910","https://openalex.org/W2012426591","https://openalex.org/W2017104286","https://openalex.org/W2024081329","https://openalex.org/W2038381734","https://openalex.org/W2046084095","https://openalex.org/W2063708478","https://openalex.org/W2069295925","https://openalex.org/W2075092154","https://openalex.org/W2087076405","https://openalex.org/W2093098278","https://openalex.org/W2105241708","https://openalex.org/W2126740715","https://openalex.org/W2148381347","https://openalex.org/W2158292240","https://openalex.org/W2165704207","https://openalex.org/W2264193409","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2316595353","https://openalex.org/W2346047262","https://openalex.org/W2492450223","https://openalex.org/W2529276544","https://openalex.org/W2547081939","https://openalex.org/W2589139841","https://openalex.org/W2769510794","https://openalex.org/W2774567168","https://openalex.org/W2801390916","https://openalex.org/W2807943955","https://openalex.org/W2904203221","https://openalex.org/W2923222994","https://openalex.org/W2924856506","https://openalex.org/W2950083909","https://openalex.org/W2973464717","https://openalex.org/W2993719034","https://openalex.org/W2997036961","https://openalex.org/W3006177560","https://openalex.org/W3019874365","https://openalex.org/W3036417315","https://openalex.org/W3038367626","https://openalex.org/W3103410609"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4386936491","https://openalex.org/W3007931018","https://openalex.org/W3110195467","https://openalex.org/W3033823235","https://openalex.org/W2881093137","https://openalex.org/W4403180243","https://openalex.org/W2022870883"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"variety":[1],"of":[2,8,23,70,85,96,121,158,182],"climate":[3,25,147,161,190,235],"factors":[4,26,162],"influence":[5],"the":[6,9,21,35,82,86,106,119,136,140,151,156,164,174,187,196,203,216,230,234,238],"precision":[7],"long\u2010term":[10,28,77,125,142,243],"Global":[11],"Navigation":[12],"Satellite":[13],"System":[14],"(GNSS)":[15],"monitoring":[16,30],"data.":[17],"To":[18],"precisely":[19],"analyze":[20],"effect":[22],"different":[24],"on":[27,163],"GNSS":[29,78,143,165,192,244],"records,":[31],"this":[32],"study":[33],"combines":[34],"extended":[36],"seven\u2010parameter":[37],"Helmert":[38],"transformation":[39],"and":[40,65,89,102,108,145,191],"a":[41,52,57,179,207],"machine":[42],"learning":[43],"algorithm":[44,138],"named":[45],"Extreme":[46],"Gradient":[47],"boosting":[48],"(XGboost)":[49],"to":[50,124,139,149,194,215],"establish":[51],"hybrid":[53],"model.":[54,152],"We":[55,153],"established":[56],"local\u2010scale":[58],"reference":[59,68,114],"frame":[60,69,115],"called":[61],"stable":[62,113],"Puerto":[63,87],"Rico":[64,88],"Virgin":[66,90],"Islands":[67,91],"2019":[71],"(PRVI19)":[72],"using":[73,219],"ten":[74],"continuously":[75],"operating":[76],"sites":[79],"located":[80],"in":[81,105],"rigid":[83],"portion":[84],"(PRVI)":[92],"microplate.":[93],"The":[94,112,168,199],"stability":[95],"PRVI19":[97,116],"is":[98,173],"approximately":[99],"0.4":[100],"mm/year":[101,104],"0.5":[103],"horizontal":[107],"vertical":[109],"directions,":[110],"respectively.":[111],"can":[117],"avoid":[118],"risk":[120],"bias":[122],"due":[123],"plate":[126],"motions":[127],"when":[128],"studying":[129],"localized":[130],"ground":[131],"deformation.":[132],"Furthermore,":[133],"we":[134,185],"applied":[135],"XGBoost":[137],"postprocessed":[141],"records":[144,193,236],"daily":[146,160],"data":[148],"train":[150],"quantitatively":[154],"evaluated":[155],"importance":[157],"various":[159],"time":[166],"series.":[167],"results":[169,200,218,241],"show":[170,201],"that":[171,202,229],"wind":[172],"most":[175],"influential":[176],"factor":[177],"with":[178,189],"unit\u2010less":[180],"index":[181],"0.013.":[183],"Notably,":[184],"used":[186],"model":[188,232],"predict":[195,240],"GNSS\u2010derived":[197],"displacements.":[198],"predicted":[204],"displacements":[205],"have":[206],"slightly":[208],"lower":[209],"root":[210],"mean":[211],"square":[212],"error":[213],"compared":[214],"fitted":[217],"spline":[220],"method":[221],"(prediction:":[222],"0.22":[223],"versus":[224],"fitted:":[225],"0.31).":[226],"It":[227],"indicates":[228],"proposed":[231],"considering":[233],"has":[237],"appropriate":[239],"for":[242],"monitoring.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
