{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200291203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9790894","title":"Ensemble of EfficientNets for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis","display_name":"Ensemble of EfficientNets for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200291203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9790894","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34950203"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/9790894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9790894","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2021/9790894.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72372694","display_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","issn_l":"1687-5265","issn":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2021/9790894.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057563078","display_name":"Mustapha Oloko-Oba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5853-517X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustapha Oloko-Oba","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa","School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5853-517X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054315649","display_name":"Serestina Viriri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2850-8645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Serestina Viriri","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa","School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2850-8645","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054315649"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":4.0754,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94581348,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"1","first_page":"9790894","last_page":"9790894"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculosis","display_name":"Tuberculosis","score":0.74156254529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulmonary-tuberculosis","display_name":"Pulmonary tuberculosis","score":0.6571257710456848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5908578038215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.5514718294143677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty","display_name":"Poverty","score":0.5298088788986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5294895768165588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.49089866876602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4702652394771576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-accuracy","display_name":"Diagnostic accuracy","score":0.4608682096004486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4266239106655121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensive-care-medicine","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","score":0.3827700912952423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.35795342922210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.18489453196525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.14393487572669983}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781069245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12204","display_name":"Tuberculosis","level":2,"score":0.74156254529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908628106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12204","display_name":"Pulmonary tuberculosis","level":3,"score":0.6571257710456848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5908578038215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.5514718294143677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.5298088788986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5294895768165588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.49089866876602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4702652394771576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020132585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic accuracy","level":2,"score":0.4608682096004486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4266239106655121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.3827700912952423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.35795342922210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.18489453196525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.14393487572669983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003199","descriptor_name":"Computer Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003199","descriptor_name":"Computer Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003199","descriptor_name":"Computer Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003199","descriptor_name":"Computer Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014376","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014376","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014376","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014376","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/9790894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9790894","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2021/9790894.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72372694","display_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","issn_l":"1687-5265","issn":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34950203","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34950203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational intelligence and neuroscience","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:05b43cc4d1fb4c40a9056993ac342d8b","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/05b43cc4d1fb4c40a9056993ac342d8b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8691984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8691984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Comput Intell Neurosci","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/9790894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9790894","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2021/9790894.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72372694","display_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","issn_l":"1687-5265","issn":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200291203.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200291203.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W1904878066","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2134649744","https://openalex.org/W2134975348","https://openalex.org/W2145073242","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2163986350","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2559794190","https://openalex.org/W2745075853","https://openalex.org/W2789758093","https://openalex.org/W2900683726","https://openalex.org/W2908763778","https://openalex.org/W2918366145","https://openalex.org/W2939788146","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2963717664","https://openalex.org/W2972609722","https://openalex.org/W2983410447","https://openalex.org/W2998641003","https://openalex.org/W3004666248","https://openalex.org/W3041266228","https://openalex.org/W3111485349","https://openalex.org/W3118097141","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3124375766","https://openalex.org/W3176923149","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4251708881","https://openalex.org/W6681651645"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2106092715","https://openalex.org/W616632114","https://openalex.org/W2379461907","https://openalex.org/W331143443","https://openalex.org/W4214505880","https://openalex.org/W2348994942","https://openalex.org/W93581272","https://openalex.org/W4285308928","https://openalex.org/W2378710205","https://openalex.org/W1535544643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tuberculosis":[0,25],"(TB)":[1],"remains":[2],"a":[3,40,112],"life-threatening":[4],"disease":[5],"and":[6,21,88,132,137,144,158,171],"is":[7,26,39,51],"one":[8],"of":[9,13,65,83,102,111,123,128,156,183],"the":[10,59,66,80,100,103,109,121,153,181],"leading":[11,113],"causes":[12],"mortality":[14],"in":[15,68,177],"developing":[16],"regions":[17],"due":[18,98],"to":[19,57,99],"poverty":[20],"inadequate":[22],"medical":[23,187],"resources.":[24],"medicable,":[27],"but":[28],"it":[29],"necessitates":[30],"early":[31],"diagnosis":[32],"through":[33,168,190],"reliable":[34],"screening":[35,42,60],"techniques.":[36],"Chest":[37],"X-ray":[38,141],"recommended":[41],"procedure":[43],"for":[44,79,120],"identifying":[45],"pulmonary":[46],"abnormalities.":[47],"Still,":[48],"this":[49,106,178],"recommendation":[50],"not":[52],"enough":[53],"without":[54],"experienced":[55],"radiologists":[56],"interpret":[58],"results,":[61],"which":[62],"forms":[63],"part":[64],"problems":[67],"rural":[69],"communities.":[70],"Consequently,":[71],"various":[72],"computer-aided":[73],"diagnostic":[74],"systems":[75],"have":[76],"been":[77],"developed":[78],"automatic":[81],"detection":[82],"tuberculosis.":[84,124],"However,":[85],"their":[86],"sensitivity":[87],"accuracy":[89,155],"are":[90],"still":[91],"significant":[92],"challenges":[93],"that":[94,150],"require":[95],"constant":[96],"improvement":[97],"severity":[101],"disease.":[104],"Hence,":[105],"study":[107,179],"explores":[108],"application":[110],"state-of-the-art":[114],"convolutional":[115],"neural":[116],"network":[117],"(EfficientNets)":[118],"model":[119],"classification":[122,189],"Precisely,":[125],"five":[126],"variants":[127],"EfficientNets":[129,185],"were":[130,165],"fine-tuned":[131],"implemented":[133],"on":[134,160,186],"two":[135],"prominent":[136],"publicly":[138],"available":[139],"chest":[140],"datasets":[142],"(Montgomery":[143],"Shenzhen).":[145],"The":[146,174],"experiments":[147],"performed":[148],"show":[149],"EfficientNet-B4":[151],"achieved":[152],"best":[154],"92.33%":[157],"94.35%":[159],"both":[161],"datasets.":[162],"These":[163],"results":[164],"then":[166],"improved":[167],"Ensemble":[169],"learning":[170],"reached":[172],"97.44%.":[173],"performance":[175],"recorded":[176],"portrays":[180],"efficiency":[182],"fine-tuning":[184],"imaging":[188],"Ensemble.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-04T07:58:01.006859","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}