{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3133048069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8899649","title":"On Characterization of Norm-Referenced Achievement Grading Schemes toward Explainability and Selectability","display_name":"On Characterization of Norm-Referenced Achievement Grading Schemes toward Explainability and Selectability","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3133048069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8899649","mag":"3133048069"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/8899649","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8899649","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/acisc/2021/8899649.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30680879","display_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","issn_l":"1687-9724","issn":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/acisc/2021/8899649.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005010599","display_name":"Thepparit Banditwattanawong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198105771","display_name":"Kasetsart University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gzceg21","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198105771"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thepparit Banditwattanawong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5418-7876","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198105771"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065209147","display_name":"Masawee Masdisornchote","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I229056271","display_name":"Sripatum University","ror":"https://ror.org/05d0b7d20","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I229056271"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masawee Masdisornchote","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology, Sripatum University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology, Sripatum University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I229056271"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005010599"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198105771"],"apc_list":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"apc_paid":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"fwci":0.2844,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58300162,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14025","display_name":"Educational Technology and Assessment","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14025","display_name":"Educational Technology and Assessment","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10538","display_name":"Data Mining Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9733999967575073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9552000164985657,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.7859092950820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7596420049667358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6501931548118591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5200966596603394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.47223708033561707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/norm","display_name":"Norm (philosophy)","score":0.4585151672363281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competence","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","score":0.42301130294799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3672959804534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.07486048340797424}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.7859092950820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7596420049667358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6501931548118591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5200966596603394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.47223708033561707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191795146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3878446","display_name":"Norm (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4585151672363281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.42301130294799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3672959804534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.07486048340797424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/8899649","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8899649","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/acisc/2021/8899649.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30680879","display_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","issn_l":"1687-9724","issn":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0576b4db369649998736521c8fb1a1e5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0576b4db369649998736521c8fb1a1e5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/8899649","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8899649","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/acisc/2021/8899649.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30680879","display_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","issn_l":"1687-9724","issn":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322722","display_name":"Kasetsart University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gzceg21"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133048069.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133048069.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W780457930","https://openalex.org/W1570448133","https://openalex.org/W1999613649","https://openalex.org/W2166164009","https://openalex.org/W2184410862","https://openalex.org/W2609168944","https://openalex.org/W2610190296","https://openalex.org/W2937976176","https://openalex.org/W3091911945"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064165679","https://openalex.org/W1588461101","https://openalex.org/W3208525924","https://openalex.org/W2591833644","https://openalex.org/W2885058781","https://openalex.org/W3127248583","https://openalex.org/W1552490082","https://openalex.org/W4236439135","https://openalex.org/W2189583758","https://openalex.org/W3009904625"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Grading":[0],"is":[1,35,131],"the":[2,14,25,70,82,104,126,153],"process":[3],"of":[4,13,72,107,136,155],"interpreting":[5],"learning":[6,16,78],"competence":[7],"to":[8,41,46,81,147],"inform":[9],"learners":[10,50],"and":[11,19,51,62,96,111,130,163],"instructors":[12,26],"current":[15],"ability":[17],"levels":[18],"necessary":[20],"improvement.":[21],"For":[22],"norm-referenced":[23,67,83],"grading,":[24],"use":[27],"a":[28,39,60,112,148],"conventionally":[29],"statistical":[30],"method,":[31],"z":[32,164],"score.":[33,165],"It":[34],"difficult":[36],"for":[37,65,133,152],"such":[38,55],"method":[40],"achieve":[42],"explainable":[43,66],"grade":[44],"discrimination":[45],"resolve":[47],"dispute":[48],"between":[49],"instructors.":[52],"To":[53],"solve":[54],"difficulty,":[56],"this":[57],"paper":[58,88],"proposes":[59],"simple":[61],"efficient":[63],"algorithm":[64,123],"grading.":[68],"Moreover,":[69],"rise":[71],"artificial":[73],"intelligence":[74],"nowadays":[75],"makes":[76],"machine":[77],"techniques":[79],"attractive":[80],"grading":[84,157],"in":[85,139],"general.":[86],"This":[87],"also":[89],"investigates":[90],"two":[91],"popular":[92],"clustering":[93,161],"methods,":[94],"K-means":[95],"partitioning":[97],"around":[98],"medoids.":[99],"The":[100,117],"experiment":[101],"relied":[102],"on":[103],"data":[105,137],"sets":[106,138],"various":[108],"score":[109],"distributions":[110],"metric,":[113],"namely,":[114],"Davies\u2013Bouldin":[115],"index.":[116],"comparative":[118],"evaluation":[119],"reveals":[120],"that":[121],"our":[122],"overall":[124],"outperforms":[125],"other":[127],"three":[128],"methods":[129,158,162],"appropriate":[132,156],"all":[134,141],"kinds":[135],"almost":[140],"cases.":[142],"Our":[143],"findings":[144],"however":[145],"lead":[146],"practically":[149],"useful":[150],"guideline":[151],"selection":[154],"including":[159],"both":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}