{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3137209321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8893182","title":"End\u2010to\u2010End Ship Detection in SAR Images for Complex Scenes Based on Deep CNNs","display_name":"End\u2010to\u2010End Ship Detection in SAR Images for Complex Scenes Based on Deep CNNs","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3137209321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8893182","mag":"3137209321"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/8893182","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8893182","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2021/8893182.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2021/8893182.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100761068","display_name":"Chen Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9656-1448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9656-1448","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102863357","display_name":"Tao Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-2430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100622769","display_name":"Changyuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9038-0278"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changyuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117501301","display_name":"Yuanyuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5719-258X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102965609","display_name":"Mo Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6241-487X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mo Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6241-487X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102965609"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":19.7077,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98726653,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6822742223739624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6294269561767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5254684686660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4510178565979004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4190117120742798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3448583483695984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2952430248260498}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6822742223739624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6294269561767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5254684686660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4510178565979004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4190117120742798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3448583483695984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2952430248260498}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/8893182","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8893182","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2021/8893182.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:68675d4476984a0dbf1528fe951a5427","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/68675d4476984a0dbf1528fe951a5427","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/8893182","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8893182","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2021/8893182.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318240","display_name":"European Space Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03wd9za21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335624","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3137209321.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3137209321.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1966016748","https://openalex.org/W2012322974","https://openalex.org/W2037227137","https://openalex.org/W2043869190","https://openalex.org/W2056902548","https://openalex.org/W2079299474","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2120066054","https://openalex.org/W2123311577","https://openalex.org/W2128704110","https://openalex.org/W2137782143","https://openalex.org/W2156650489","https://openalex.org/W2161402023","https://openalex.org/W2167220279","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2534798644","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2604272474","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2774244034","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2799646862","https://openalex.org/W2805839151","https://openalex.org/W2806070179","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2886866881","https://openalex.org/W2891190453","https://openalex.org/W2913527107","https://openalex.org/W2913830934","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2928870406","https://openalex.org/W2939196249","https://openalex.org/W2944559927","https://openalex.org/W2946589087","https://openalex.org/W2955454611","https://openalex.org/W2961699889","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2964121718","https://openalex.org/W2975079793","https://openalex.org/W2981864880","https://openalex.org/W2982932271","https://openalex.org/W2997725031","https://openalex.org/W3014224354","https://openalex.org/W3106250896"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ship":[0],"detection":[1,28,41,57,192,211,245,269],"on":[2,66,93,206],"synthetic":[3],"aperture":[4],"radar":[5],"(SAR)":[6],"imagery":[7],"has":[8,19],"many":[9],"valuable":[10],"applications":[11],"for":[12,45,59,97,121,162,265],"both":[13,134,223],"civil":[14],"and":[15,18,35,43,52,62,86,114,136,151,157,214,225,243,260,267,275],"military":[16],"fields":[17],"received":[20],"extraordinary":[21],"attention":[22],"in":[23,39,74],"recent":[24],"years.":[25],"The":[26,179,257],"traditional":[27],"methods":[29],"are":[30,81,90,139,160,204,263],"insensitive":[31],"to":[32,111,172,198],"multiscale":[33,122,155],"ships":[34,227],"usually":[36],"time\u2010consuming,":[37],"results":[38,216,270],"low":[40],"accuracy":[42,51,230,237],"limitation":[44],"real\u2010time":[46],"processing.":[47],"To":[48],"balance":[49],"the":[50,78,87,94,142,166,191,199,207,215,219,236,244,268,273,278],"speed,":[53],"an":[54,239],"end\u2010to\u2010end":[55,184],"ship":[56,99,210],"method":[58,182,220],"complex":[60],"inshore":[61,224],"offshore":[63,226],"scenes":[64],"based":[65,92],"deep":[67],"convolutional":[68],"neural":[69],"networks":[70],"(CNNs)":[71],"is":[72,106,119,168,247],"proposed":[73,180],"this":[75,128],"paper.":[76],"First,":[77],"SAR":[79,209],"images":[80],"divided":[82],"into":[83],"different":[84],"grids,":[85],"anchor":[88],"boxes":[89],"predefined":[91],"responsible":[95],"grids":[96],"dense":[98],"prediction.":[100],"Then,":[101],"Darknet\u201053":[102],"with":[103,125,228,238,250],"residual":[104],"units":[105],"adopted":[107],"as":[108,145],"a":[109,115,187],"backbone":[110],"extract":[112],"features,":[113],"top\u2010down":[116],"pyramid":[117],"structure":[118],"added":[120],"feature":[123],"fusion":[124],"concatenation.":[126],"By":[127],"means,":[129],"abundant":[130],"hierarchical":[131],"features":[132],"containing":[133],"spatial":[135],"semantic":[137],"information":[138],"extracted.":[140],"Meanwhile,":[141],"strategies":[143],"such":[144],"soft":[146],"non\u2010maximum":[147],"suppression":[148],"(Soft\u2010NMS),":[149],"mix\u2010up":[150],"mosaic":[152],"data":[153,262],"augmentation,":[154],"training,":[156],"hybrid":[158],"optimization":[159],"used":[161],"performance":[163],"enhancement.":[164],"Besides,":[165],"model":[167],"trained":[169],"from":[170],"scratch":[171],"avoid":[173],"learning":[174],"objective":[175],"bias":[176],"of":[177,241,277],"pretraining.":[178],"one\u2010stage":[181],"adopts":[183],"inference":[185],"by":[186],"single":[188],"network,":[189],"so":[190],"speed":[193,246],"can":[194,221],"be":[195],"guaranteed":[196],"due":[197],"concise":[200],"paradigm.":[201],"Extensive":[202],"experiments":[203],"performed":[205],"public":[208],"dataset":[212],"(SSDD),":[213],"show":[217,272],"that":[218],"detect":[222],"higher":[229],"than":[231],"other":[232],"mainstream":[233],"methods,":[234],"yielding":[235],"average":[240],"95.52%,":[242],"quite":[248],"fast":[249],"about":[251],"72":[252],"frames":[253],"per":[254],"second":[255],"(FPS).":[256],"actual":[258],"Sentinel\u20101":[259],"Gaofen\u20103":[261],"utilized":[264],"verification,":[266],"also":[271],"effectiveness":[274],"robustness":[276],"method.":[279]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}