{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3122189786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8887881","title":"Efficient Deep Learning Models for DGA Domain Detection","display_name":"Efficient Deep Learning Models for DGA Domain Detection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3122189786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8887881","mag":"3122189786"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/8887881","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8887881","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2021/8887881.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2021/8887881.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049064035","display_name":"Juhong Namgung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165507594","display_name":"Kangwon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mh5ph17","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juhong Namgung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Computer Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015792862","display_name":"Siwoon Son","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5647-7527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165507594","display_name":"Kangwon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mh5ph17","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Siwoon Son","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Computer Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5647-7527","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101402186","display_name":"Yang\u2010Sae Moon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2396-0405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165507594","display_name":"Kangwon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mh5ph17","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang-Sae Moon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Computer Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2396-0405","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015792862"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"],"apc_list":{"value":2550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2550},"apc_paid":{"value":2550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2550},"fwci":3.7806,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92955198,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8599785566329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.7246564626693726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.693509042263031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6316446661949158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.590275764465332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5829339623451233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.49851298332214355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.44451507925987244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4231938123703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3740459680557251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3504619896411896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8599785566329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.7246564626693726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.693509042263031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6316446661949158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.590275764465332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5829339623451233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.49851298332214355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.44451507925987244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4231938123703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3740459680557251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3504619896411896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/8887881","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8887881","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2021/8887881.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:76b7d106880e42828c83e8faba0964f8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/76b7d106880e42828c83e8faba0964f8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/8887881","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8887881","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2021/8887881.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G328398167","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2019R1A2C1085311","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4660161324","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2019R1A2C1085311","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6183839096","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R18XA05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326258","funder_display_name":"Korea Electric Power Corporation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6594212286","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R18XA05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7299925882","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019R1A2C1085311","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7776536347","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2019R1A2C1085311","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326258","funder_display_name":"Korea Electric Power Corporation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326258","display_name":"Korea Electric Power Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/04fperw70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3122189786.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3122189786.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17316494","https://openalex.org/W22566950","https://openalex.org/W140153537","https://openalex.org/W1534477342","https://openalex.org/W1561983441","https://openalex.org/W1981294881","https://openalex.org/W2077589227","https://openalex.org/W2100805904","https://openalex.org/W2131774270","https://openalex.org/W2136495567","https://openalex.org/W2546910111","https://openalex.org/W2768793959","https://openalex.org/W2772269457","https://openalex.org/W2773671123","https://openalex.org/W2786906486","https://openalex.org/W2789539798","https://openalex.org/W2894791732","https://openalex.org/W2901702282","https://openalex.org/W2917948814","https://openalex.org/W2921786109","https://openalex.org/W2968390691","https://openalex.org/W2979462950","https://openalex.org/W2985954572","https://openalex.org/W2989199981","https://openalex.org/W4295535247","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4400992975","https://openalex.org/W6605657634","https://openalex.org/W6632075054","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6746790895","https://openalex.org/W6748304876","https://openalex.org/W7062873344"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2092530219","https://openalex.org/W2388464034","https://openalex.org/W2533125852","https://openalex.org/W2140460949","https://openalex.org/W2105580438","https://openalex.org/W2057435755","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,92,185],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"cyberattacks":[3],"using":[4,82,136],"command":[5],"and":[6,55,147,160,167,174,182],"control":[7],"(C&C)":[8],"servers":[9],"have":[10,72],"significantly":[11],"increased.":[12],"To":[13],"hide":[14],"their":[15],"C&C":[16,33],"servers,":[17],"attackers":[18],"often":[19],"use":[20],"a":[21,127,151],"domain":[22,29,40,84,100,152,197,203],"generation":[23],"algorithm":[24],"(DGA),":[25],"which":[26,108,139],"automatically":[27],"generates":[28],"names":[30,85],"for":[31,194],"the":[32,123,141,171,187,191],"servers.":[34],"Accordingly,":[35],"extensive":[36],"research":[37],"on":[38,104],"DGA":[39,53,77,99,196,202],"detection":[41,101,124,204],"has":[42],"been":[43,73],"conducted.":[44],"However,":[45],"existing":[46,158,206],"methods":[47],"cannot":[48],"accurately":[49],"detect":[50,76],"continuously":[51],"generated":[52],"domains":[54,78],"can":[56],"easily":[57],"be":[58],"evaded":[59],"by":[60,118],"an":[61,97],"attacker.":[62],"Recently,":[63],"long":[64],"short-term":[65],"memory-":[66],"(LSTM-)":[67],"based":[68,103],"deep":[69],"learning":[70],"models":[71,162,176],"introduced":[74],"to":[75,114,143],"in":[79,150],"real":[80],"time":[81],"only":[83],"without":[86],"feature":[87],"extraction":[88],"or":[89],"additional":[90],"information.":[91],"this":[93],"paper,":[94],"we":[95],"propose":[96],"efficient":[98],"method":[102],"bidirectional":[105,110],"LSTM":[106,161],"(BiLSTM),":[107],"learns":[109],"information":[111,116,149],"as":[112],"opposed":[113],"unidirectional":[115],"learned":[117],"LSTM.":[119],"We":[120],"further":[121],"maximize":[122],"performance":[125,193],"with":[126],"convolutional":[128],"neural":[129],"network":[130],"(CNN)":[131],"+":[132],"BiLSTM":[133,173],"ensemble":[134,175,188],"model":[135,142,189],"Attention":[137],"mechanism,":[138],"allows":[140],"learn":[144],"both":[145],"local":[146],"global":[148],"sequence.":[153],"Experimental":[154],"results":[155],"show":[156],"that":[157],"CNN":[159],"achieved":[163,177,190],"F1-scores":[164,179],"of":[165,180],"0.9384":[166],"0.9597,":[168],"respectively,":[169],"while":[170],"proposed":[172],"higher":[178],"0.9618":[181],"0.9666,":[183],"respectively.":[184],"addition,":[186],"best":[192],"most":[195],"classes,":[198],"enabling":[199],"more":[200],"accurate":[201],"than":[205],"models.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}