{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3202568233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8834422","title":"Multilevel and Spatially Heterogeneous Factors Influencing Poor Households\u2019 Income in a Frontier Minority Area in Northeast China","display_name":"Multilevel and Spatially Heterogeneous Factors Influencing Poor Households\u2019 Income in a Frontier Minority Area in Northeast China","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3202568233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8834422","mag":"3202568233"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/8834422","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8834422","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/8834422.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/8834422.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100320685","display_name":"Binyan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2082-7630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Binyan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2082-7630","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109350523","display_name":"Mark W. Rosenberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark W. Rosenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100627209","display_name":"Shijun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7290-412X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184983240","display_name":"Northeast Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02rkvz144","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184983240"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shijun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7290-412X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184983240"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100532951","display_name":"Peifeng Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83791580","display_name":"Fujian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03c8fdb16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83791580"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peifeng Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350118, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350118, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83791580"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024051772","display_name":"Junfeng Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9474-5741"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junfeng Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Policy and Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Policy and Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100320685","https://openalex.org/A5100627209"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170","https://openalex.org/I184983240"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"fwci":1.2058,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87773716,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11911","display_name":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11911","display_name":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12088","display_name":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frontier","display_name":"Frontier","score":0.8933181762695312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.8168907761573792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-income","display_name":"Low income","score":0.5967680215835571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.48897993564605713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomics","display_name":"Socioeconomics","score":0.41909992694854736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographic-economics","display_name":"Demographic economics","score":0.40831318497657776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-geography","display_name":"Economic geography","score":0.37881606817245483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.37767156958580017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.32793518900871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.24085533618927002}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778571376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355821","display_name":"Frontier","level":2,"score":0.8933181762695312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.8168907761573792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018804484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Low income","level":2,"score":0.5967680215835571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.48897993564605713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.41909992694854736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.40831318497657776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.37881606817245483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.37767156958580017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.32793518900871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24085533618927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/8834422","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8834422","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/8834422.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2bd66a41ba6d4eb9b182e7bee7d1f14c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2bd66a41ba6d4eb9b182e7bee7d1f14c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complexity, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/8834422","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8834422","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/8834422.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6035527079","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42101264","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6194238398","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42101200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G835129332","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51878084","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3202568233.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3202568233.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W594570493","https://openalex.org/W1494473767","https://openalex.org/W1534117030","https://openalex.org/W1599483077","https://openalex.org/W1963677314","https://openalex.org/W1973749534","https://openalex.org/W1976906633","https://openalex.org/W1978997103","https://openalex.org/W1990322025","https://openalex.org/W1994382121","https://openalex.org/W2045066934","https://openalex.org/W2066087920","https://openalex.org/W2071936897","https://openalex.org/W2073452487","https://openalex.org/W2101374295","https://openalex.org/W2114744296","https://openalex.org/W2118898434","https://openalex.org/W2142125000","https://openalex.org/W2148760896","https://openalex.org/W2158672897","https://openalex.org/W2165189451","https://openalex.org/W2184388686","https://openalex.org/W2199688992","https://openalex.org/W2343237153","https://openalex.org/W2487298997","https://openalex.org/W2488245448","https://openalex.org/W2593922203","https://openalex.org/W2595418570","https://openalex.org/W2597483380","https://openalex.org/W2606951880","https://openalex.org/W2618788771","https://openalex.org/W2782901556","https://openalex.org/W2879950287","https://openalex.org/W2900011342","https://openalex.org/W2900488788","https://openalex.org/W2910107293","https://openalex.org/W2912007452","https://openalex.org/W2912921214","https://openalex.org/W2977729662","https://openalex.org/W3047197742","https://openalex.org/W3082555057","https://openalex.org/W3122424165","https://openalex.org/W3123628167","https://openalex.org/W4213388422","https://openalex.org/W4300157606","https://openalex.org/W6630503450"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2347401120","https://openalex.org/W2041961361","https://openalex.org/W2310010941","https://openalex.org/W1988132375","https://openalex.org/W2334292868","https://openalex.org/W579144800","https://openalex.org/W2147233680","https://openalex.org/W2069525434","https://openalex.org/W2046798653","https://openalex.org/W2021057137"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Increasing":[0],"the":[1,10,26,87,91,99,109,136,156,164,169,184,189,192,196,220,223],"income":[2,54,73,114,137,224],"of":[3,12,15,39,90,98,102,111,138,163,219,225],"poor":[4,57,139,226],"rural":[5,32,58],"households":[6,59,227],"is":[7],"essential":[8],"for":[9],"realization":[11],"China\u2019s":[13],"goal":[14],"sustainable":[16],"development,":[17],"which":[18],"entails":[19],"inclusive":[20],"and":[21,24,31,53,69,72,94,131,160,174,195,207,216],"equitable":[22],"development":[23],"reducing":[25],"developmental":[27],"gap":[28],"between":[29,67],"urban":[30],"areas.":[33],"We":[34,63,79],"conducted":[35],"a":[36,42,148,213,229],"case":[37],"study":[38,211],"Wangqing":[40],"County,":[41],"frontier":[43,230],"minority":[44,231],"area":[45,232],"in":[46,60,205,228,233],"Northeast":[47,234],"China":[48],"to":[49,85,147,191],"examine":[50],"spatial":[51,88,120],"patterns":[52],"differentials":[55],"among":[56],"this":[61],"area.":[62],"quantified":[64],"existing":[65],"associations":[66],"household\u2010level":[68,143],"environmental\u2010level":[70,92],"characteristics":[71,133,144],"by":[74],"applying":[75],"hierarchical":[76],"linear":[77],"models.":[78],"subsequently":[80],"applied":[81],"Geographically":[82],"Weighted":[83],"Regression":[84],"analyze":[86],"heterogeneity":[89],"variables":[93],"develop":[95],"an":[96],"understanding":[97,218],"interaction":[100],"mechanism":[101],"influencing":[103,222],"factors.":[104],"The":[105],"results":[106],"revealed":[107],"that":[108,129,142,203],"distribution":[110],"villages,":[112],"where":[113],"levels":[115],"were":[116],"similar,":[117],"showed":[118],"significant":[119],"agglomeration":[121],"characteristics.":[122,153],"Our":[123],"findings":[124],"also":[125],"provide":[126],"empirical":[127],"evidence":[128],"household\u2010":[130],"village\u2010level":[132],"together":[134],"determine":[135,145],"households,":[140],"but":[141],"destitution":[146],"greater":[149],"extent":[150],"than":[151],"environmental":[152,185],"More":[154],"specifically,":[155],"sex,":[157],"health":[158],"condition,":[159],"labor":[161],"capacity":[162],"household":[165,167,181],"head,":[166],"size,":[168],"dependency":[170],"ratio,":[171],"social":[172],"welfare,":[173],"off\u2010farm":[175],"work":[176],"are":[177],"significantly":[178],"associated":[179],"with":[180],"income.":[182],"At":[183],"level,":[186],"arable":[187],"land,":[188],"distance":[190],"county":[193],"center,":[194],"average":[197],"altitude":[198],"had":[199],"spatially":[200],"heterogeneous":[201],"impacts":[202],"varied":[204],"direction":[206],"intensity.":[208],"This":[209],"systematic":[210],"provides":[212],"more":[214],"comprehensive":[215],"integrated":[217],"factors":[221],"China.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}