{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3131135416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8325417","title":"An Empirical Assessment and Validation of Redundancy Metrics Using Defect Density as Reliability Indicator","display_name":"An Empirical Assessment and Validation of Redundancy Metrics Using Defect Density as Reliability Indicator","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3131135416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8325417","mag":"3131135416"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/8325417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8325417","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/sp/2021/8325417.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166774750","display_name":"Scientific Programming","issn_l":"1058-9244","issn":["1058-9244","1875-919X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/sp/2021/8325417.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024030454","display_name":"Dalila Amara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9938-2384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108714496","display_name":"Tunis University","ror":"https://ror.org/02q1spa57","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108714496"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140729","display_name":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de Gestion de Tunis","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9mdw91","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108714496","https://openalex.org/I4210140729"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dalila Amara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 de Tunis, Institut Sup\u00e9rieur De Gestion De Tunis, SMART Lab, Tunis, Tunisia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 de Tunis, Institut Sup\u00e9rieur De Gestion De Tunis, SMART Lab, Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140729","https://openalex.org/I108714496"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086208581","display_name":"Ezzeddine Fatnassi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9940-304X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108714496","display_name":"Tunis University","ror":"https://ror.org/02q1spa57","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108714496"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112794","display_name":"Institut des Hautes \u00c9tudes de Tunis","ror":"https://ror.org/02acc9e56","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112794"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140729","display_name":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de Gestion de Tunis","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9mdw91","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108714496","https://openalex.org/I4210140729"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ezzeddine Fatnassi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Insitut des Hautes Etudes de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia","Universit\u00e9 de Tunis, Institut Sup\u00e9rieur De Gestion De Tunis, SMART Lab, Tunis, Tunisia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Insitut des Hautes Etudes de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112794"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 de Tunis, Institut Sup\u00e9rieur De Gestion De Tunis, SMART Lab, Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140729","https://openalex.org/I108714496"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082262732","display_name":"Latifa Ben Arfa Rabai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5657-4682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108714496","display_name":"Tunis University","ror":"https://ror.org/02q1spa57","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108714496"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140729","display_name":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de Gestion de Tunis","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9mdw91","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108714496","https://openalex.org/I4210140729"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Latifa Ben Arfa Rabai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 de Tunis, Institut Sup\u00e9rieur De Gestion De Tunis, SMART Lab, Tunis, Tunisia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 de Tunis, Institut Sup\u00e9rieur De Gestion De Tunis, SMART Lab, Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140729","https://openalex.org/I108714496"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024030454"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108714496","https://openalex.org/I4210140729"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1800},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1800},"fwci":0.3162,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58951507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.7710508108139038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7020493149757385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-metric","display_name":"Software metric","score":0.6817002892494202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-reliability-testing","display_name":"Software reliability testing","score":0.6131865382194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.5879213809967041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maintainability","display_name":"Maintainability","score":0.542533814907074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5346177220344543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5010974407196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.4947313964366913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-measurement","display_name":"Software measurement","score":0.46934616565704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohesion","display_name":"Cohesion (chemistry)","score":0.43432047963142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.41685253381729126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.2393045425415039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.12472650408744812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08478346467018127}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.7710508108139038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7020493149757385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82214349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657339","display_name":"Software metric","level":5,"score":0.6817002892494202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52928878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554226","display_name":"Software reliability testing","level":5,"score":0.6131865382194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.5879213809967041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160713754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1389965","display_name":"Maintainability","level":2,"score":0.542533814907074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5346177220344543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5010974407196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4947313964366913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89567784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554325","display_name":"Software measurement","level":5,"score":0.46934616565704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104054115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216828","display_name":"Cohesion (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.43432047963142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.41685253381729126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.2393045425415039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.12472650408744812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08478346467018127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/8325417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8325417","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/sp/2021/8325417.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166774750","display_name":"Scientific Programming","issn_l":"1058-9244","issn":["1058-9244","1875-919X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:19839ab0942d490293fcba0e88f341f1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/19839ab0942d490293fcba0e88f341f1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Programming, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/8325417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8325417","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/sp/2021/8325417.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166774750","display_name":"Scientific Programming","issn_l":"1058-9244","issn":["1058-9244","1875-919X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3131135416.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3131135416.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W187492155","https://openalex.org/W1587315015","https://openalex.org/W1597698972","https://openalex.org/W1627575552","https://openalex.org/W1661930086","https://openalex.org/W1785944873","https://openalex.org/W1980711379","https://openalex.org/W1995023328","https://openalex.org/W2014136114","https://openalex.org/W2017439596","https://openalex.org/W2026750231","https://openalex.org/W2040014547","https://openalex.org/W2043709414","https://openalex.org/W2065926773","https://openalex.org/W2070983362","https://openalex.org/W2074327538","https://openalex.org/W2074805796","https://openalex.org/W2077242985","https://openalex.org/W2093995814","https://openalex.org/W2101912966","https://openalex.org/W2121866145","https://openalex.org/W2125313811","https://openalex.org/W2135790748","https://openalex.org/W2140910241","https://openalex.org/W2145071552","https://openalex.org/W2153242493","https://openalex.org/W2155501769","https://openalex.org/W2160988203","https://openalex.org/W2166480023","https://openalex.org/W2167363007","https://openalex.org/W2252608406","https://openalex.org/W2282179196","https://openalex.org/W2294732129","https://openalex.org/W2466278024","https://openalex.org/W2489297273","https://openalex.org/W2493532602","https://openalex.org/W2494189957","https://openalex.org/W2522451196","https://openalex.org/W2604743733","https://openalex.org/W2605284977","https://openalex.org/W2741404783","https://openalex.org/W2791488874","https://openalex.org/W2803041827","https://openalex.org/W2805525555","https://openalex.org/W2807423996","https://openalex.org/W2905816416","https://openalex.org/W2967562901","https://openalex.org/W2973751923","https://openalex.org/W2978725006","https://openalex.org/W4237510729","https://openalex.org/W4243818773","https://openalex.org/W4247224463","https://openalex.org/W4289801253","https://openalex.org/W6648919158","https://openalex.org/W6669751987","https://openalex.org/W6675154975","https://openalex.org/W6680595248","https://openalex.org/W6741999548"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2219145617","https://openalex.org/W2798385000","https://openalex.org/W3206587736","https://openalex.org/W1521772560","https://openalex.org/W2558027728","https://openalex.org/W2012057830","https://openalex.org/W2029555411","https://openalex.org/W2162125807","https://openalex.org/W2078744341","https://openalex.org/W2439389792"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"metrics":[1,39,50,68,89,115,180,202],"which":[2,51],"are":[3,5,33,52,100],"language-dependent":[4],"proposed":[6,53,70,193],"as":[7,120,181],"quantitative":[8,189],"measures":[9],"to":[10,76,91,111,157,174,194,205],"assess":[11,77,112],"internal":[12,41],"quality":[13,27,140],"factors":[14,28,141],"for":[15,54],"both":[16],"method":[17],"and":[18,23,31,57,103,116,159],"class":[19],"levels":[20],"like":[21,29],"cohesion":[22],"complexity.":[24],"The":[25,84],"external":[26,129],"reliability":[30,55,122,126,162],"maintainability":[32],"in":[34,203],"general":[35],"predicted":[36],"using":[37,80],"different":[38],"of":[40,48,64,87,146,178,184],"attributes.":[42],"Literature":[43],"review":[44],"shows":[45],"a":[46,62,168],"lack":[47],"software":[49,125,161,165,185,196,207],"measurement":[56],"prediction.":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60,108,147],"context,":[61],"suite":[63],"four":[65],"semantic":[66],"language-independent":[67],"was":[69],"by":[71],"Mili":[72],"et":[73],"al.":[74],"(2014)":[75],"program":[78,93],"redundancy":[79,114,201],"Shannon":[81],"entropy":[82],"measure.":[83],"main":[85],"objective":[86],"these":[88,150,179],"is":[90,127,154,172,191],"monitor":[92,206],"reliability.":[94,208],"Despite":[95],"their":[96],"important":[97],"purpose,":[98],"they":[99],"manually":[101],"computed":[102],"only":[104],"theoretically":[105],"validated.":[106],"Therefore,":[107,167],"paper":[109],"aims":[110],"the":[113,176],"empirically":[117],"validate":[118],"them":[119],"significant":[121,182],"indicators.":[123],"As":[124],"an":[128],"attribute":[130],"that":[131,142],"cannot":[132],"be":[133],"directly":[134],"evaluated,":[135],"we":[136],"employ":[137],"other":[138],"measurable":[139],"represent":[143],"direct":[144],"reflections":[145],"attribute.":[148],"Among":[149],"factors,":[151],"defect":[152,186,197],"density":[153,198],"widely":[155],"used":[156,173],"measure":[158],"predict":[160,195],"based":[163,199],"on":[164,200],"metrics.":[166],"linear":[169],"regression":[170],"technique":[171],"show":[175],"usefulness":[177],"indicators":[183],"density.":[187],"A":[188],"model":[190],"then":[192],"order":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}