{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3130746002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6699108","title":"Exploring the Optimum Proactive Defense Strategy for the Power Systems from an Attack Perspective","display_name":"Exploring the Optimum Proactive Defense Strategy for the Power Systems from an Attack Perspective","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3130746002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6699108","mag":"3130746002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/6699108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6699108","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2021/6699108.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2021/6699108.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020695223","display_name":"Jinxiong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0189-4926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinxiong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710072, China","School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0189-4926","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390630","display_name":"Xun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5895-1261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710072, China","School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028984288","display_name":"Fuqiang Di","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9930-4829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuqiang Di","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710072, China","School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047817100","display_name":"Sensen Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9340-1521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sensen Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710072, China","School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100449155","display_name":"Xiaoyu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4463-9944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710072, China","School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028829568","display_name":"Xiao Jing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6825-9113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710072, China","School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049999498","display_name":"Panfei Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4336-0108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panfei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710072, China","School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025654910","display_name":"Dejun Mu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6792-9437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dejun Mu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710072, China","School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020695223"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":2.0817,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8658507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8530005216598511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7208998799324036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subnet","display_name":"Subnet","score":0.6298170685768127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.5848922729492188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5629204511642456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hacker","display_name":"Hacker","score":0.5462996959686279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.49758103489875793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.49614033102989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.122158944606781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11802801489830017}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8530005216598511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7208998799324036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21099817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7631721","display_name":"Subnet","level":2,"score":0.6298170685768127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.5848922729492188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5629204511642456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86844869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798820","display_name":"Hacker","level":2,"score":0.5462996959686279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.49758103489875793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.49614033102989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.122158944606781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11802801489830017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/6699108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6699108","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2021/6699108.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6f32a563ef2d47aab894280776da9303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6f32a563ef2d47aab894280776da9303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/6699108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6699108","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2021/6699108.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3130746002.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3130746002.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2069038223","https://openalex.org/W2203160927","https://openalex.org/W2528806761","https://openalex.org/W2736833769","https://openalex.org/W2795347454","https://openalex.org/W2954759489","https://openalex.org/W2990670632","https://openalex.org/W2992059036","https://openalex.org/W2997459368","https://openalex.org/W3012173843","https://openalex.org/W3033377016","https://openalex.org/W3093114702","https://openalex.org/W3124554101"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2356206668","https://openalex.org/W2131631951","https://openalex.org/W2130707537","https://openalex.org/W2105155969","https://openalex.org/W4362683600","https://openalex.org/W1977409556","https://openalex.org/W2361602549","https://openalex.org/W3200778902","https://openalex.org/W2390667963","https://openalex.org/W3098387898"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Proactive":[0],"defense":[1,84],"is":[2,116,129],"one":[3],"of":[4,58,69,113,126],"the":[5,13,44,49,55,59,67,70,76,82,87,106,110,114,123,127],"most":[6],"promising":[7],"approaches":[8],"to":[9,18,35,117,130],"enhance":[10],"cyber-security":[11],"in":[12,63],"power":[14,88,94],"systems,":[15],"while":[16],"how":[17],"balance":[19],"its":[20],"costs":[21],"and":[22,61,73,80,105],"benefits":[23],"has":[24],"not":[25],"been":[26],"fully":[27],"studied.":[28],"This":[29],"paper":[30],"proposes":[31],"a":[32,92,119],"novel":[33],"method":[34],"model":[36],"cyber":[37],"adversarial":[38],"behaviors":[39],"as":[40],"attackers":[41],"contending":[42],"for":[43,86],"defenders\u2019":[45],"benefit":[46,57],"based":[47],"on":[48,66,91],"game":[50],"theory.":[51],"We":[52],"firstly":[53],"calculate":[54],"final":[56],"hackers":[60],"defenders":[62],"different":[64],"states":[65],"basis":[68],"constructed":[71],"models":[72,101],"then":[74],"predict":[75],"possible":[77],"attack":[78,100],"behavior":[79],"evaluate":[81],"best":[83],"strategy":[85,112,125],"systems.":[89],"Based":[90],"real":[93],"system":[95],"subnet,":[96],"we":[97],"analyze":[98],"27":[99],"with":[102],"our":[103],"method,":[104],"result":[107],"shows":[108],"that":[109],"optimal":[111,124],"attacker":[115],"launch":[118],"small-scale":[120],"attack.":[121],"Correspondingly,":[122],"defender":[128],"conduct":[131],"partial-defense.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}