{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135193910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6695858","title":"Calibrating Network Traffic with One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network with Autoencoder and Independent Recurrent Neural Network for Mobile Malware Detection","display_name":"Calibrating Network Traffic with One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network with Autoencoder and Independent Recurrent Neural Network for Mobile Malware Detection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135193910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6695858","mag":"3135193910"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/6695858","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6695858","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2021/6695858.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2021/6695858.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028539723","display_name":"Songjie Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4086-1334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Songjie Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4086-1334","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035786530","display_name":"Zedong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9312-8387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zedong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100376013","display_name":"Shasha Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2842-5516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shasha Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015229717","display_name":"Pengfei Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6832-7462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028539723"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":2.1611,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87817293,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8716093301773071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.849541425704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/softmax-function","display_name":"Softmax function","score":0.8019832372665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6643746495246887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.6346757411956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.6268347501754761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-malware","display_name":"Mobile malware","score":0.6231321096420288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5978080630302429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5585985779762268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5316600799560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5002555847167969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34805718064308167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3300474286079407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1337881088256836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8716093301773071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.849541425704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188441871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554146","display_name":"Softmax function","level":3,"score":0.8019832372665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6643746495246887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.6346757411956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.6268347501754761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780967490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1291200","display_name":"Mobile malware","level":3,"score":0.6231321096420288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5978080630302429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5585985779762268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5316600799560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5002555847167969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34805718064308167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3300474286079407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1337881088256836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/6695858","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6695858","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2021/6695858.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:12382fa8abd6425385a308f4678575d3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/12382fa8abd6425385a308f4678575d3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/6695858","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6695858","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2021/6695858.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1430646942","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61472189","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8425681394","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61802186","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135193910.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135193910.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1763578379","https://openalex.org/W1964241047","https://openalex.org/W1986150219","https://openalex.org/W2037026906","https://openalex.org/W2125011234","https://openalex.org/W2183615818","https://openalex.org/W2284594984","https://openalex.org/W2606697812","https://openalex.org/W2771070776","https://openalex.org/W2772317693","https://openalex.org/W2775103799","https://openalex.org/W2791366550","https://openalex.org/W2798842065","https://openalex.org/W2885245002","https://openalex.org/W2906631928","https://openalex.org/W2911301616","https://openalex.org/W2924962435","https://openalex.org/W2964347220","https://openalex.org/W3003024390","https://openalex.org/W3007551217","https://openalex.org/W4232522130"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2769441402","https://openalex.org/W2594436708","https://openalex.org/W4360994128","https://openalex.org/W3086240734","https://openalex.org/W2789476480","https://openalex.org/W2538622067","https://openalex.org/W2181494682","https://openalex.org/W4245250093","https://openalex.org/W3114159050","https://openalex.org/W2484248966"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,132],"response":[1],"to":[2,26,90,102,122,146,155,169,202],"the":[3,7,54,68,73,79,85,104,109,116,124,128,134,138,147,150,158,171,174,181,189,197],"surging":[4],"challenge":[5],"in":[6,20,78],"number":[8],"and":[9,17,41,72,83,112,144,177,206],"types":[10],"of":[11,76,149,160,167,173,188],"mobile":[12,48,61],"malware":[13,49,62,192],"targeting":[14],"smart":[15],"devices":[16],"their":[18],"sophistication":[19],"malicious":[21],"behavior":[22,30],"camouflage,":[23],"we":[24],"propose":[25],"compose":[27],"a":[28,165],"traffic":[29,63,70,106],"modeling":[31],"method":[32,176,199],"based":[33],"on":[34],"one-dimensional":[35,86],"convolutional":[36,87],"neural":[37,44,88,110,119,153],"network":[38,45,69,89,96,111,120,154],"with":[39,66,137,209],"autoencoder":[40,99],"independent":[42,117,151],"recurrent":[43,118,152],"(1DCAE-IndRNN)":[46],"for":[47,60,180],"detection.":[50],"The":[51,98,185],"design":[52],"solves":[53],"problem":[55,159],"that":[56,196],"most":[57],"existing":[58],"approaches":[59],"detection":[64,183,186,204],"struggle":[65],"capturing":[67],"dynamics":[71],"sequential":[74,125],"characteristics":[75],"anomalies":[77],"traffic.":[80],"We":[81,163],"reconstruct":[82],"apply":[84],"extract":[91],"local":[92],"features":[93,107],"from":[94,108],"multiple":[95],"flows.":[97],"is":[100,113,142],"applied":[101],"digest":[103],"principal":[105],"integrated":[114],"into":[115],"construction":[121],"highlight":[123],"relationship":[126],"between":[127],"highly":[129],"significant":[130],"features.":[131],"addition,":[133],"Softmax":[135],"function":[136,141],"LReLU":[139],"activation":[140],"adjusted":[143],"embedded":[145],"neurons":[148],"effectively":[156],"alleviate":[157],"unstable":[161],"training.":[162],"conduct":[164],"series":[166],"experiments":[168],"evaluate":[170],"effectiveness":[172],"proposed":[175,198],"its":[178],"performance":[179],"1DCAE-IndRNN-integrated":[182],"procedure.":[184],"results":[187],"public":[190],"Android":[191],"dataset":[193],"CICAndMal2017":[194],"show":[195],"achieves":[200],"up":[201],"98%":[203],"accuracy":[205],"recall":[207],"rates":[208],"clear":[210],"advantages":[211],"over":[212],"other":[213],"benchmark":[214],"methods.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}