{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3134439926","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6669672","title":"Benchmark Pashto Handwritten Character Dataset and Pashto Object Character Recognition (OCR) Using Deep Neural Network with Rule Activation Function","display_name":"Benchmark Pashto Handwritten Character Dataset and Pashto Object Character Recognition (OCR) Using Deep Neural Network with Rule Activation Function","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3134439926","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6669672","mag":"3134439926"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/6669672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6669672","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/6669672.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/6669672.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083470860","display_name":"Imran Uddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4070-4243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I246743127","display_name":"The University of Agriculture, Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02sp3q482","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I246743127"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58138627","display_name":"ITT Technical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/018xp1p31","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58138627"]}],"countries":["PK","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imran Uddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Sciences and IT (ICS/IT),","Institute of Computer Sciences and IT (ICS/IT), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Sciences and IT (ICS/IT),","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58138627"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Sciences and IT (ICS/IT), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I246743127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052414097","display_name":"Dzati Athiar Ramli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4392-2895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dzati A. Ramli","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Pulau Pinang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013621949","display_name":"Abdullah Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1718-7038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I246743127","display_name":"The University of Agriculture, Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02sp3q482","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I246743127"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58138627","display_name":"ITT Technical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/018xp1p31","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58138627"]}],"countries":["PK","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Sciences and IT (ICS/IT),","Institute of Computer Sciences and IT (ICS/IT), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Sciences and IT (ICS/IT),","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58138627"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Sciences and IT (ICS/IT), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I246743127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071701121","display_name":"Javed Iqbal Bangash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5622-0796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I246743127","display_name":"The University of Agriculture, Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02sp3q482","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I246743127"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58138627","display_name":"ITT Technical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/018xp1p31","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58138627"]}],"countries":["PK","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Javed Iqbal Bangash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Sciences and IT (ICS/IT),","Institute of Computer Sciences and IT (ICS/IT), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Sciences and IT (ICS/IT),","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58138627"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Sciences and IT (ICS/IT), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I246743127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084665028","display_name":"Nosheen Fayyaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4011-282X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36001604","display_name":"University of Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02t2qwf81","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36001604"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nosheen Fayyaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36001604"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062235615","display_name":"Asfandyar Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5174-0736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I246743127","display_name":"The University of Agriculture, Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02sp3q482","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I246743127"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58138627","display_name":"ITT Technical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/018xp1p31","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58138627"]}],"countries":["PK","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asfandyar Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Sciences and IT (ICS/IT),","Institute of Computer Sciences and IT (ICS/IT), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Sciences and IT (ICS/IT),","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58138627"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Sciences and IT (ICS/IT), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I246743127"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072598308","display_name":"Mahwish Kundi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8043-3030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181063083","display_name":"Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan","ror":"https://ror.org/03b9y4e65","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181063083"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahwish Kundi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181063083"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071701121"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I246743127","https://openalex.org/I58138627"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"fwci":2.039,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88547928,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8287832736968994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7611088752746582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.7175639867782593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.6735522150993347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cursive","display_name":"Cursive","score":0.652984082698822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5973588228225708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5949969291687012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.5779627561569214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.553665041923523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4806460440158844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38497650623321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.24778476357460022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08798393607139587}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8287832736968994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7611088752746582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.7175639867782593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.6735522150993347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778943297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079418","display_name":"Cursive","level":2,"score":0.652984082698822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5973588228225708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5949969291687012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.5779627561569214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.553665041923523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4806460440158844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38497650623321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.24778476357460022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08798393607139587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/6669672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6669672","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/6669672.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:hin:complx:6669672","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/6669672.xml","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:49f1bd0591404a57a1b89db344770208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/49f1bd0591404a57a1b89db344770208","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complexity, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/6669672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6669672","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/6669672.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8228801538","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1001.PELECT.8014057","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322757","funder_display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316152","display_name":"University of Agriculture, Peshawar","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322757","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134439926.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134439926.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W52027825","https://openalex.org/W154275248","https://openalex.org/W619275253","https://openalex.org/W1985626581","https://openalex.org/W2015421919","https://openalex.org/W2032753173","https://openalex.org/W2038176525","https://openalex.org/W2099244674","https://openalex.org/W2123338444","https://openalex.org/W2126636896","https://openalex.org/W2133098817","https://openalex.org/W2141642674","https://openalex.org/W2209061605","https://openalex.org/W2405472697","https://openalex.org/W2492666191","https://openalex.org/W2606783593","https://openalex.org/W2620351450","https://openalex.org/W2786881273","https://openalex.org/W2787579211","https://openalex.org/W2794033028","https://openalex.org/W2811460769","https://openalex.org/W2902354632"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4309734222","https://openalex.org/W2188440461","https://openalex.org/W3035903760","https://openalex.org/W2129386218","https://openalex.org/W2130196934","https://openalex.org/W2141642674","https://openalex.org/W2771940890","https://openalex.org/W2828735809","https://openalex.org/W1991513203","https://openalex.org/W2131512193"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,33,51,58,67,74,102,105,123,133,141,170,179,274,303,346,352],"area":[2],"of":[3,32,53,60,66,73,104,143,172,199,264,308,318,325,358],"machine":[4,37,55,183],"learning,":[5],"different":[6,15,214],"techniques":[7,42],"are":[8,43],"used":[9],"to":[10,56,111,121,152,186,253,344,351,360],"train":[11],"machines":[12],"and":[13,25,39,70,79,93,176,231,239,266,281,285,293,297,310,315,329],"perform":[14],"tasks":[16],"like":[17,90],"computer":[18],"vision,":[19],"data":[20,149,257],"analysis,":[21],"natural":[22],"language":[23],"processing,":[24],"speech":[26],"recognition.":[27],"Computer":[28],"vision":[29],"is":[30,50,64,99,130,155,158,184,342],"one":[31,65],"main":[34],"branches":[35],"where":[36],"learning":[38,41],"deep":[40],"being":[44],"applied.":[45],"Optical":[46],"character":[47,59,113,148],"recognition":[48,103],"(OCR)":[49],"ability":[52],"a":[54,61,174,182,197],"recognize":[57,122,188,361],"language.":[62,107],"Pashto":[63,106,146,190,362],"most":[68,347],"ancient":[69],"historical":[71],"languages":[72,89,154],"world,":[75],"spoken":[76],"in":[77,145,356],"Afghanistan":[78],"Pakistan.":[80],"OCR":[81,120],"application":[82],"has":[83],"been":[84],"developed":[85],"for":[86,101,119,140,163,178,276,283,295],"various":[87],"cursive":[88],"Urdu,":[91],"Chinese,":[92],"Japanese,":[94],"but":[95],"very":[96],"little":[97],"work":[98],"done":[100],"When":[108],"it":[109,115],"comes":[110],"handwritten":[112,127,147,191,363],"recognition,":[114],"becomes":[116],"more":[117],"difficult":[118],"characters":[124],"as":[125,150,349],"every":[126],"character\u2019s":[128],"shape":[129],"influenced":[131],"by":[132,288],"writer\u2019s":[134],"hand":[135],"motion":[136],"dynamics.":[137],"The":[138,244,312],"reason":[139],"lack":[142],"research":[144],"compared":[151,350],"other":[153,353],"because":[156],"there":[157],"no":[159],"benchmark":[160],"dataset":[161,198],"available":[162],"experimental":[164],"purposes.":[165],"This":[166],"study":[167],"focuses":[168],"on":[169,255,333],"creation":[171],"such":[173],"dataset,":[175],"then":[177],"evaluation":[180],"purpose,":[181],"trained":[185,238],"correctly":[187],"unseen":[189,256],"characters.":[192,364],"To":[193],"achieve":[194],"this":[195,242],"objective,":[196],"43000":[200],"images":[201],"was":[202,273,302],"created.":[203],"Three":[204],"Feed":[205],"Forward":[206],"Neural":[207],"Network":[208],"models":[209,355],"with":[210,223,228,234,241,279,291,305],"backpropagation":[211],"algorithm":[212],"using":[213],"Rectified":[215],"Linear":[216],"Unit":[217],"(ReLU)":[218],"layer":[219],"configurations":[220],"(Model":[221],"1":[222,249,278,320,336,338],"1\u2010ReLU":[224],"Layer,":[225],"Model":[226,232,248,259,277,289,300,319,327,330,335],"2":[227,260,290,328],"2\u2010ReLU":[229],"layers,":[230],"3":[233,301],"3\u2010ReLU":[235],"Layers)":[236],"were":[237,321],"tested":[240],"dataset.":[243],"simulation":[245],"shows":[246],"that":[247],"achieved":[250,261],"accuracy":[251,263,359],"up":[252],"87.6%":[254],"while":[258,299],"an":[262],"81.60%":[265],"3%":[267],"accuracy,":[268],"respectively.":[269],"Similarly,":[270],"loss":[271,306],"(cross\u2010entropy)":[272],"lowest":[275],"0.15":[280],"3.17":[282],"training":[284,296],"testing,":[286,298],"followed":[287],"0.7":[292],"4.2":[294],"last":[304],"values":[307,317],"6.4":[309],"3.69.":[311],"precision,":[313],"recall,":[314],"f\u2010measure":[316],"better":[322],"than":[323],"those":[324],"both":[326],"3.":[331],"Based":[332],"results,":[334],"(with":[337],"ReLU":[339],"activation":[340],"layer)":[341],"found":[343],"be":[345],"efficient":[348],"two":[354],"terms":[357]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}