{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135321720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6632671","title":"Mining Network Traffic with the <i>k</i>\u2010Means Clustering Algorithm for Stepping\u2010Stone Intrusion Detection","display_name":"Mining Network Traffic with the <i>k</i>\u2010Means Clustering Algorithm for Stepping\u2010Stone Intrusion Detection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135321720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6632671","mag":"3135321720"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/6632671","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6632671","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/wcmc/2021/6632671.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S235346","display_name":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1530-8669","issn":["1530-8669","1530-8677"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/wcmc/2021/6632671.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076183476","display_name":"Lixin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4965-5510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199172307","display_name":"Columbus State University","ror":"https://ror.org/002nf6z37","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199172307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lixin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSYS School of Computer Science, Columbus State University, Columbus, Georgia, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSYS School of Computer Science, Columbus State University, Columbus, Georgia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199172307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088671813","display_name":"Jianhua Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2745-8524"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199172307","display_name":"Columbus State University","ror":"https://ror.org/002nf6z37","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199172307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianhua Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSYS School of Computer Science, Columbus State University, Columbus, Georgia, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSYS School of Computer Science, Columbus State University, Columbus, Georgia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199172307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101619632","display_name":"Xiaohua Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7770-803X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172980758","display_name":"Kennesaw State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jeqjx33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohua Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Software Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Software Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036031118","display_name":"Peng\u2010Jun Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7926-5711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180949307","display_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037t3ry66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng-Jun Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076183476"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199172307"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"fwci":0.7964,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73173608,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8600479364395142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.762871503829956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6480296850204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion","display_name":"Intrusion","score":0.6039901971817017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5507005453109741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4498540163040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22613531351089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.18141058087348938}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8600479364395142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.762871503829956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6480296850204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.6039901971817017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5507005453109741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4498540163040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22613531351089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.18141058087348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17409809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764","display_name":"Geochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/6632671","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6632671","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/wcmc/2021/6632671.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S235346","display_name":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1530-8669","issn":["1530-8669","1530-8677"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:csuepress.columbusstate.edu:bibliography_faculty-4416","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://csuepress.columbusstate.edu/bibliography_faculty/3300","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196711","display_name":"CSU ePress (Columbus State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I199172307","host_organization_name":"Columbus State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199172307"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Bibliography","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu:facpubs-6148","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/facpubs/4992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196456","display_name":"DigitalCommons - Kennesaw State University (Kennesaw State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172980758","host_organization_name":"Kennesaw State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Articles","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4703d55430f54972be6950a84ce1bed0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4703d55430f54972be6950a84ce1bed0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/6632671","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6632671","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/wcmc/2021/6632671.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S235346","display_name":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1530-8669","issn":["1530-8669","1530-8677"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6851414390","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H98230-20-1-0293","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311089","funder_display_name":"National Security Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7845798442","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H98230","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311089","funder_display_name":"National Security Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311089","display_name":"National Security Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0047bvr32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312452","display_name":"Columbus State University","ror":"https://ror.org/002nf6z37"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135321720.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135321720.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1550624107","https://openalex.org/W1565896516","https://openalex.org/W1579427489","https://openalex.org/W1587423795","https://openalex.org/W1602499992","https://openalex.org/W2098171501","https://openalex.org/W2099829430","https://openalex.org/W2103322041","https://openalex.org/W2121910516","https://openalex.org/W2128945468","https://openalex.org/W2131712672","https://openalex.org/W2139275469","https://openalex.org/W2142014025","https://openalex.org/W2146132533","https://openalex.org/W2146486112","https://openalex.org/W2148275477","https://openalex.org/W2161160262","https://openalex.org/W2397977104","https://openalex.org/W2800806089","https://openalex.org/W2884143800","https://openalex.org/W2893481719","https://openalex.org/W2902478145","https://openalex.org/W2966689929","https://openalex.org/W2982407593","https://openalex.org/W3012539654","https://openalex.org/W3088377098","https://openalex.org/W3117170236","https://openalex.org/W3137423196","https://openalex.org/W3155567503"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2357468538","https://openalex.org/W1577110157","https://openalex.org/W2355007334","https://openalex.org/W2364419519","https://openalex.org/W2133389611","https://openalex.org/W2360767377","https://openalex.org/W2017948608","https://openalex.org/W2360951146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intruders":[0],"on":[1],"the":[2,18,66,89,129],"Internet":[3],"usually":[4],"launch":[5],"network":[6,86,183],"attacks":[7],"through":[8,181],"compromised":[9,37],"hosts,":[10],"called":[11],"stepping":[12],"stones,":[13],"in":[14,35],"order":[15],"to":[16,33,51,58,64,80,112,159],"reduce":[17],"chance":[19],"of":[20,68,109,131,140,174],"being":[21,143],"detected.":[22],"With":[23],"stepping\u2010stone":[24,82,97,166],"intrusions,":[25],"an":[26,42,61,77],"attacker":[27],"uses":[28],"tools":[29],"such":[30,60],"as":[31],"SSH":[32],"log":[34],"several":[36],"hosts":[38],"remotely":[39],"and":[40,46,115,145,172],"create":[41],"interactive":[43],"connection":[44,70,133],"chain":[45,134],"then":[47],"sends":[48],"attacking":[49],"packets":[50,111,142],"a":[52,69,106,132,137],"target":[53],"system.":[54],"An":[55],"effective":[56,103],"method":[57],"detect":[59,81],"intrusion":[62,83,98,167],"is":[63,149,156],"estimate":[65],"length":[67,130],"chain.":[71],"In":[72],"this":[73],"paper,":[74],"we":[75],"develop":[76],"efficient":[78],"algorithm":[79,125,155,178],"by":[84],"mining":[85],"traffic":[87],"using":[88],"k":[90],"\u2010means":[91],"clustering.":[92],"Existing":[93],"approaches":[94,164],"for":[95,165],"connection\u2010chain\u2010based":[96],"detection":[99,124,154,177],"either":[100],"are":[101,119,179],"not":[102,120],"or":[104],"require":[105],"large":[107,138],"number":[108,139],"TCP":[110,141],"be":[113],"captured":[114,144],"processed":[116],"and,":[117],"thus,":[118],"efficient.":[121,151],"Our":[122,152],"proposed":[123,153,176],"can":[126],"accurately":[127],"determine":[128],"without":[135],"requiring":[136],"processed,":[146],"so":[147],"it":[148],"more":[150],"also":[157],"easier":[158],"implement":[160],"than":[161],"all":[162],"existing":[163],"detection.":[168],"The":[169],"effectiveness,":[170],"correctness,":[171],"efficiency":[173],"our":[175],"verified":[180],"well\u2010designed":[182],"experiments.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}
