{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3120604781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6616158","title":"Facial Expression Recognition Using Kernel Entropy Component Analysis Network and DAGSVM","display_name":"Facial Expression Recognition Using Kernel Entropy Component Analysis Network and DAGSVM","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3120604781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6616158","mag":"3120604781"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/6616158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6616158","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/6616158.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/6616158.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007576200","display_name":"Xiangmin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1289-3216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108904480","display_name":"Shenyang Institute of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02pfsj857","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108904480"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157507598","display_name":"Shenyang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7f8730","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangmin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China","Department of Information and Control Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Science and Technology, Shenyang 110101, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Control Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Science and Technology, Shenyang 110101, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108904480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100343540","display_name":"Li Ke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2159-869X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157507598","display_name":"Shenyang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7f8730","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Li Ke","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2159-869X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103272016","display_name":"Qiang Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1889-9814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157507598","display_name":"Shenyang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7f8730","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100685444","display_name":"Jinghui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7283-0674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157507598","display_name":"Shenyang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7f8730","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinghui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020652716","display_name":"Xiaodi Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7978-954X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157507598","display_name":"Shenyang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7f8730","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodi Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100343540"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"fwci":0.6789,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70029051,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7579630613327026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6977969408035278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6933030486106873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5239225029945374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5223808884620667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.4985675811767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.49743345379829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.49645382165908813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.487638384103775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression-recognition","display_name":"Facial expression recognition","score":0.4733957052230835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.42012810707092285}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7579630613327026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6977969408035278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6933030486106873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5239225029945374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5223808884620667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.4985675811767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.49743345379829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.49645382165908813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.487638384103775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987714656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Facial expression recognition","level":4,"score":0.4733957052230835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.42012810707092285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/6616158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6616158","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/6616158.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:hin:complx:6616158","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/6616158.xml","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f5ff9548160c4e5e831439926242efc7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f5ff9548160c4e5e831439926242efc7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complexity, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hindawi.com:10.1155/2021/6616158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6616158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400340","display_name":"Hindawi Journal of Chemistry (Hindawi)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210126990","host_organization_name":"Hindawi (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Research Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/6616158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6616158","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/6616158.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4809677301","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019-ZD-0204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323086","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6072454254","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51377109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323086","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3120604781.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3120604781.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1616262590","https://openalex.org/W1995562189","https://openalex.org/W2005051400","https://openalex.org/W2086944309","https://openalex.org/W2091328698","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2164678670","https://openalex.org/W2238162249","https://openalex.org/W2251806676","https://openalex.org/W2302137010","https://openalex.org/W2346638707","https://openalex.org/W2621864722","https://openalex.org/W2625817666","https://openalex.org/W2738226240","https://openalex.org/W2783170722","https://openalex.org/W2794550020","https://openalex.org/W2795090675","https://openalex.org/W2795545451","https://openalex.org/W2800452261","https://openalex.org/W2810861508","https://openalex.org/W2908676506","https://openalex.org/W2910166529","https://openalex.org/W2910430927","https://openalex.org/W2912990735","https://openalex.org/W2921644959","https://openalex.org/W2936882366","https://openalex.org/W2963999005","https://openalex.org/W2973355918","https://openalex.org/W3102107750","https://openalex.org/W3102431071"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2581696209","https://openalex.org/W2020430625","https://openalex.org/W2044065526","https://openalex.org/W2058306460","https://openalex.org/W2955952267","https://openalex.org/W2083564146","https://openalex.org/W2076436625","https://openalex.org/W2148428954","https://openalex.org/W2168886923","https://openalex.org/W2049095871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"expression":[1,18,36,111],"recognition":[2,19,37,145,155],"(FER)":[3],"plays":[4],"a":[5,153],"significant":[6],"part":[7],"in":[8,34,83,147],"artificial":[9],"intelligence":[10],"and":[11,48,71,95,127,142],"computer":[12],"vision.":[13],"However,":[14],"most":[15],"of":[16,42,91,117,124,150],"facial":[17,35],"methods":[20,32],"have":[21],"not":[22],"obtained":[23],"satisfactory":[24,53],"results":[25],"based":[26],"on":[27,121],"low\u2010level":[28],"features.":[29],"The":[30],"existed":[31],"used":[33],"encountered":[38],"the":[39,64,81,84,89,102,107,115,132,135,148],"major":[40],"issues":[41],"linear":[43],"inseparability,":[44],"large":[45],"computational":[46],"burden,":[47],"data":[49],"redundancy.":[50],"To":[51],"obtain":[52],"results,":[54,134],"we":[55],"propose":[56],"an":[57],"innovative":[58],"deep":[59],"learning":[60],"(DL)":[61],"model":[62],"using":[63],"kernel":[65],"entropy":[66],"component":[67],"analysis":[68],"network":[69],"(KECANet)":[70],"directed":[72],"acyclic":[73],"graph":[74],"support":[75],"vector":[76],"machine":[77],"(DAGSVM).":[78],"We":[79,100,113],"use":[80],"KECANet":[82],"feature":[85],"extraction":[86],"stage.":[87],"In":[88],"stage":[90,149],"output,":[92],"binary":[93],"hashing":[94],"blockwise":[96],"histograms":[97],"are":[98],"adopted.":[99],"sent":[101],"final":[103],"output":[104],"features":[105,141],"to":[106,131],"DAGSVM":[108],"classifier":[109],"for":[110],"recognition.":[112],"test":[114],"performance":[116],"our":[118],"proposed":[119,136],"method":[120,137],"three":[122],"databases":[123],"CK+,":[125],"JAFFE,":[126],"CMU":[128],"Multi\u2010PIE.":[129],"According":[130],"experiment":[133],"can":[138],"learn":[139],"high\u2010level":[140],"provide":[143],"more":[144],"information":[146],"training,":[151],"obtaining":[152],"higher":[154],"rate.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
