{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3200604530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6296811","title":"A New Classification Method in Ultrasound Images of Benign and Malignant Thyroid Nodules Based on Transfer Learning and Deep Convolutional Neural Network","display_name":"A New Classification Method in Ultrasound Images of Benign and Malignant Thyroid Nodules Based on Transfer Learning and Deep Convolutional Neural Network","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3200604530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6296811","mag":"3200604530"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/6296811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6296811","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/6296811.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/6296811.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100733861","display_name":"Weibin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1689-7583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146620803","display_name":"Wenzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hxh324","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weibin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1689-7583","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103183400","display_name":"Zhiyang Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2947-4018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144709","display_name":"Wenzhou Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1ry383","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144709"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyang Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wenzhou Polytechnic, Wenzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2947-4018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wenzhou Polytechnic, Wenzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100739131","display_name":"Zhimin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089684","display_name":"Wenzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/006ymvg95","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089684"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhimin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wenzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wenzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089684"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111645279","display_name":"Yaoyao Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27781120","display_name":"Wenzhou Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rd5t069","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27781120"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaoyao Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27781120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045832851","display_name":"Zhipeng Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7701-6656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27781120","display_name":"Wenzhou Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rd5t069","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27781120"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhipeng Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27781120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100327445","display_name":"Xin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3833-2938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27781120","display_name":"Wenzhou Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rd5t069","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27781120"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3833-2938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27781120"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100441099","display_name":"Lei Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-6206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146620803","display_name":"Wenzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hxh324","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-6206","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100441099","https://openalex.org/A5103183400"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146620803","https://openalex.org/I4210144709"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"fwci":0.9794,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80929742,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9733999967575073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9413999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.827272891998291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thyroid-nodules","display_name":"Thyroid nodules","score":0.6813881397247314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6560907959938049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.6547586917877197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6291511058807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasound","display_name":"Ultrasound","score":0.5607882738113403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5496941804885864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thyroid","display_name":"Thyroid","score":0.5478439331054688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47729647159576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.46298494935035706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.4431276023387909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2540460228919983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.08607488870620728}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.827272891998291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779022025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53829","display_name":"Thyroid nodules","level":3,"score":0.6813881397247314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6560907959938049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.6547586917877197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6291511058807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143753070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564","display_name":"Ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.5607882738113403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5496941804885864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526584372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16399","display_name":"Thyroid","level":2,"score":0.5478439331054688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47729647159576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.46298494935035706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.4431276023387909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2540460228919983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.08607488870620728}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/6296811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6296811","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/6296811.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:hin:complx:6296811","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/6296811.xml","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1b71832e10124669acea122bbe547ec2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1b71832e10124669acea122bbe547ec2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complexity, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/6296811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6296811","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/6296811.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3002921294","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Y20180232","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4705391563","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LY19F030006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5007456928","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZG2020026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324224","funder_display_name":"Wenzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5498192594","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LY21F020001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324224","display_name":"Wenzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/02fr0s482"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200604530.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200604530.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486469731","https://openalex.org/W1984241801","https://openalex.org/W2012284403","https://openalex.org/W2081160575","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2112124308","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2137227529","https://openalex.org/W2157490257","https://openalex.org/W2241482985","https://openalex.org/W2261636672","https://openalex.org/W2332066482","https://openalex.org/W2427312199","https://openalex.org/W2525235915","https://openalex.org/W2579348194","https://openalex.org/W2584959338","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2626312329","https://openalex.org/W2682360066","https://openalex.org/W2734408173","https://openalex.org/W2735666957","https://openalex.org/W2748405357","https://openalex.org/W2748902594","https://openalex.org/W2757735360","https://openalex.org/W2770338529","https://openalex.org/W2794284562","https://openalex.org/W2807190811","https://openalex.org/W2898982749","https://openalex.org/W2923749141","https://openalex.org/W2944926173","https://openalex.org/W2960871125","https://openalex.org/W2963088995","https://openalex.org/W3002592716","https://openalex.org/W3033003249","https://openalex.org/W3046492425","https://openalex.org/W3104258355","https://openalex.org/W3121120936","https://openalex.org/W3124617164"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3183901164","https://openalex.org/W4206357785","https://openalex.org/W4281381188","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3192840557","https://openalex.org/W3176438653","https://openalex.org/W3103566983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Thyroid":[0],"nodule":[1,29,57,225],"is":[2,33,62],"a":[3,7,24,56,136,276],"clinical":[4,278],"disorder":[5],"with":[6,11,141,201,205,275],"high":[8],"incidence":[9],"rate,":[10],"large":[12],"number":[13],"of":[14,23,34,40,55,72,85,96,230,245,253,256,266,270],"cases":[15],"being":[16],"detected":[17],"every":[18],"year":[19],"globally.":[20],"Early":[21],"analysis":[22],"benign":[25],"or":[26],"malignant":[27],"thyroid":[28,41,97,123,171,180,195],"using":[30,216],"ultrasound":[31,47,74,87,124,196],"imaging":[32],"great":[35],"importance":[36],"in":[37,58],"the":[38,44,53,59,73,79,83,91,109,122,128,142,165,170,179,192,202,212,221,224,235,248,263],"diagnosis":[39,71,88,269],"cancer.":[42],"Although":[43],"b":[45],"\u2010mode":[46],"can":[48],"be":[49],"used":[50],"to":[51,120,150,163],"find":[52],"presence":[54],"thyroid,":[60],"there":[61],"no":[63],"existing":[64],"method":[65,89,117,272],"for":[66,90,191,223],"an":[67,86],"accurate":[68,92],"and":[69,93,103,126,130,157,178,209,234,258,268],"automatic":[70],"image.":[75],"In":[76],"this":[77,271],"pursuit,":[78],"present":[80],"study":[81],"envisaged":[82],"development":[84],"efficient":[94],"identification":[95],"nodules,":[98],"based":[99,113,168],"on":[100,169,194,247],"transfer":[101,139,159,237],"learning":[102,140,160,238],"deep":[104],"convolutional":[105,145],"neural":[106,146],"network.":[107],"Initially,":[108],"Total":[110],"Variation\u2010":[111],"(TV\u2010)":[112],"self\u2010adaptive":[114],"image":[115,125,152,197,250],"restoration":[116],"was":[118,148,189,273],"adopted":[119],"preprocess":[121],"remove":[127],"boarder":[129],"marks.":[131],"With":[132],"data":[133,176,198,232,251],"augmentation":[134],"as":[135],"training":[137,156,229],"set,":[138],"trained":[143],"GoogLeNet":[144,187,210,217],"network":[147,203],"performed":[149,162],"extract":[151],"features.":[153],"Finally,":[154],"joint":[155,228],"secondary":[158,236],"were":[161],"improve":[164],"classification":[166,267],"accuracy,":[167],"images":[172,181],"from":[173,183],"open":[174],"source":[175],"sets":[177,233,252],"collected":[182],"local":[184],"hospitals.":[185],"The":[186,227,243],"model":[188,219],"established":[190,204],"experiments":[193,246],"sets.":[199],"Compared":[200],"LeNet5,":[206],"VGG16,":[207],"GoogLeNet,":[208],"(Improved),":[211],"results":[213,244],"showed":[214,261],"that":[215,262],"(Improved)":[218],"enhanced":[220],"accuracy":[222,264],"classification.":[226],"different":[231],"further":[239],"improved":[240],"its":[241],"accuracy.":[242],"medical":[249],"various":[254],"types":[255],"diseased":[257],"normal":[259],"thyroids":[260],"rate":[265],"96.04%,":[274],"significant":[277],"application":[279],"value.":[280]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
