{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3155011559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5587188","title":"Machine Learning-Based Model to Predict the Disease Severity and Outcome in COVID-19 Patients","display_name":"Machine Learning-Based Model to Predict the Disease Severity and Outcome in COVID-19 Patients","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3155011559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5587188","mag":"3155011559"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5587188","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5587188","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/sp/2021/5587188.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166774750","display_name":"Scientific Programming","issn_l":"1058-9244","issn":["1058-9244","1875-919X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/sp/2021/5587188.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004658615","display_name":"Sumayh S. Aljameel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8246-4658"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sumayh S. Aljameel","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8246-4658","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033964908","display_name":"Irfan Ullah Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1002-6178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irfan Ullah Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036961841","display_name":"Nida Aslam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-5733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nida Aslam","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029413205","display_name":"Malak Aljabri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9255-6094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malak Aljabri","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061638311","display_name":"Eman S. Alsulmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9416-277X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eman S. Alsulmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004658615"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1800},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1800},"fwci":12.3291,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":92,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9919485,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.7332800626754761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"Logistic regression","score":0.7104434967041016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.7037992477416992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/case-fatality-rate","display_name":"Case fatality rate","score":0.5892993211746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.5540706515312195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.49424460530281067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-modelling","display_name":"Predictive modelling","score":0.4585843086242676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-boosting","display_name":"Gradient boosting","score":0.44683176279067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43820661306381226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality-rate","display_name":"Mortality rate","score":0.42391467094421387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4238438904285431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.4169730842113495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3992723822593689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3509441018104553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.3091351389884949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.2735588848590851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.23412951827049255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16019633412361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epidemiology","display_name":"Epidemiology","score":0.11498335003852844}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7332800626754761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.7104434967041016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.7037992477416992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187316915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92307203","display_name":"Case fatality rate","level":3,"score":0.5892993211746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5540706515312195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.49424460530281067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.4585843086242676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.44683176279067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43820661306381226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179755657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702","display_name":"Mortality rate","level":2,"score":0.42391467094421387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4238438904285431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.4169730842113495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3992723822593689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3509441018104553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.3091351389884949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2735588848590851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.23412951827049255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16019633412361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.11498335003852844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5587188","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5587188","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/sp/2021/5587188.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166774750","display_name":"Scientific Programming","issn_l":"1058-9244","issn":["1058-9244","1875-919X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:77e29b2896a242ecbde8c73c5efd6833","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/77e29b2896a242ecbde8c73c5efd6833","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Programming, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5587188","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5587188","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/sp/2021/5587188.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166774750","display_name":"Scientific Programming","issn_l":"1058-9244","issn":["1058-9244","1875-919X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2744835490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Covid19-2020-059-CSIT","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327296","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education \u2013 Kingdom of Saudi Arabi"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6472903874","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Covid19-2020-059-CSIT","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328818","funder_display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327296","display_name":"Ministry of Education \u2013 Kingdom of Saudi Arabi","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328818","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3155011559.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3155011559.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2498119267","https://openalex.org/W2498672755","https://openalex.org/W2924444146","https://openalex.org/W3012054129","https://openalex.org/W3015433395","https://openalex.org/W3025504737","https://openalex.org/W3031443331","https://openalex.org/W3037163353","https://openalex.org/W3039347467","https://openalex.org/W3042669018","https://openalex.org/W3045954106","https://openalex.org/W3089129092","https://openalex.org/W3090115387","https://openalex.org/W3097787292","https://openalex.org/W3104955410","https://openalex.org/W3113005448","https://openalex.org/W3121067595","https://openalex.org/W3121568668","https://openalex.org/W3153859749"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3036633074","https://openalex.org/W4249472903","https://openalex.org/W4287755022","https://openalex.org/W4313424649","https://openalex.org/W3127117601","https://openalex.org/W4311326873","https://openalex.org/W4392450732","https://openalex.org/W4293093830","https://openalex.org/W4388451786","https://openalex.org/W4388451310"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,86,104,167,188],"novel":[1],"coronavirus":[2],"(COVID-19)":[3],"outbreak":[4],"produced":[5],"devastating":[6],"effects":[7],"on":[8,77],"the":[9,13,19,25,52,59,69,97,125,145,160,163,173,193],"global":[10],"economy":[11],"and":[12,57,119,141,181,195],"health":[14,196],"of":[15,27,40,43,55,72,94,179,186,202],"entire":[16],"communities.":[17],"Although":[18],"COVID-19":[20,44,73,92,165,204],"survival":[21,53,161],"rate":[22,54],"is":[23,34,48],"high,":[24],"number":[26],"severe":[28],"cases":[29],"that":[30,170],"result":[31],"in":[32,84],"death":[33],"increasing":[35],"daily.":[36],"A":[37],"timely":[38],"prediction":[39,66],"at-risk":[41,203],"patients":[42,56,95,205],"with":[45,176],"precautionary":[46],"measures":[47],"expected":[49],"to":[50],"increase":[51],"reduce":[58],"fatality":[60],"rate.":[61],"This":[62],"research":[63],"provides":[64],"a":[65],"method":[67],"for":[68,138,143,158],"early":[70,200],"identification":[71,201],"patient\u2019s":[74],"outcome":[75],"based":[76],"patients\u2019":[78],"characteristics":[79],"monitored":[80],"at":[81],"home,":[82],"while":[83],"quarantine.":[85],"study":[87],"was":[88,136],"performed":[89,150],"using":[90,108,129,151],"287":[91],"samples":[93],"from":[96],"King":[98],"Fahad":[99],"University":[100],"Hospital,":[101],"Saudi":[102],"Arabia.":[103],"data":[105,126,139,146],"were":[106,127,149],"analyzed":[107],"three":[109],"classification":[110],"algorithms,":[111],"namely,":[112],"logistic":[113],"regression":[114],"(LR),":[115],"random":[116],"forest":[117],"(RF),":[118],"extreme":[120],"gradient":[121],"boosting":[122],"(XGB).":[123],"Initially,":[124],"preprocessed":[128],"several":[130],"preprocessing":[131],"techniques.":[132],"Furthermore,":[133],"10-k":[134],"cross-validation":[135],"applied":[137],"partitioning":[140],"SMOTE":[142],"alleviating":[144],"imbalance.":[147],"Experiments":[148],"twenty":[152],"clinical":[153],"features,":[154],"identified":[155],"as":[156],"significant":[157],"predicting":[159],"versus":[162],"deceased":[164],"patients.":[166],"results":[168],"showed":[169],"RF":[171],"outperformed":[172],"other":[174],"classifiers":[175],"an":[177],"accuracy":[178],"0.95":[180],"area":[182],"under":[183],"curve":[184],"(AUC)":[185],"0.99.":[187],"proposed":[189],"model":[190],"can":[191],"assist":[192],"decision-making":[194],"care":[197],"professional":[198],"by":[199],"effectively.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}